On April 16, 2024, the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, the Honourable Chrystia Freeland, presented Budget 2024 – Fairness for Every Generation, to the House of Commons.

No changes were made to personal or corporate tax rates. Some highlights include the following

A. Personal Measures

• An increase to the capital gains inclusion rate to 2/3, however individuals will retain the 1/2 inclusion rate on the first $250,000 of capital gains annually.
• An increase to the lifetime maximum capital gains exemption, and two new incentives on specific types of business sales.
• Modifications to the proposed amendments to focus the alternative minimum tax regime on high-income individuals.

B. Business Measures

• A Canada carbon rebate for small businesses that will begin by delivering payments to eligible CCPCs for five years of carbon tax.
• Accelerated capital cost allowance on purpose-built residential rental properties.
• Immediate expensing of certain productivity-enhancing assets, including computer hardware, acquired on or after April 16, 2024.

C. International Measures

• A crypto-asset reporting framework that will require annual reporting by crypto-asset service providers on their clients’ activities using these assets.

D. Sales and Excise Measures

• Extension of the GST exemption for new purpose-built rental housing projects to not-for-profit universities, public colleges and school authorities.

E. Other Measures

• Details on the Canada disability benefit intended to commence in July 2025.

F. Previously Announced Measures

• Intention to proceed with previously announced measures, including the denial of expenses for non-compliant short-term rental activities; the exemption of certain services of psychotherapists and counselling therapists from GST/HST; proposals related to the underused housing tax; temporarily pausing the fuel charge on heating oil; various clean energy tax credits; and other initiatives related to the clean economy.

THE NUMBERS

The Government’s fiscal position includes the following projected surplus (deficit): Year Surplus/(Deficit) in billions 2023–2024 ($40.0) 2024–2025 ($39.8) 2025–2026 ($38.9) 2026–2027 ($30.8) 2027–2028 ($26.8) 2028–2029 ($20.0)

A. Personal Measures

Capital Gains Inclusion Rate

Currently, one half of capital gains are included in a taxpayer’s income. Budget 2024 proposed to increase this inclusion rate to two thirds of the actual gain, effective for capital gains realized on or after June 25, 2024. Similarly, the deduction available for some employee stock option benefits will be reduced from one half to one third of the benefit. This adjustment to the inclusion rate will also apply to capital losses applied to offset capital gains.

Only half of the first $250,000 of capital gains (net of gains offset by capital losses, the lifetime capital gains exemption and the proposed employee ownership trust exemption and Canadian entrepreneurs’ incentive) realized by an individual will be included in their income each year. Two thirds of capital gains in excess of this amount will be included in their income. Other taxpayers, such as trusts and corporations, will be required to include two thirds of all capital gains realized on or after June 25, 2024 as income.

For taxation years that straddle June 25, 2024 (calendar 2024 for individuals), capital gains will be segregated between gains realized on or before June 24, 2024 (one half included in income) and gains realized on or after June 25, 2024 (two thirds will be income). For individuals, only half of the first $250,000 realized on or after June 25, 2024 will be included in their income.

Budget 2024 estimated that this change will impact only 0.13% of individual taxpayers and 12.6% of corporations.

Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption

Individuals are eligible to offset up to $1,016,836 (2024; indexed for inflation annually) of capital gains on qualified small business corporation shares and qualified farm or fishing property. Budget 2024 proposed to increase this lifetime limit to $1,250,000 for dispositions taking place on or after June 25, 2024. This amount would be indexed for inflation commencing in 2026.

Canadian Entrepreneurs’ Incentive

Budget 2024 proposed to reduce the capital gains inclusion rate on capital gains realized on the disposition of qualifying shares by an eligible individual. The inclusion rate would be halved, resulting in one third of such gains being taxable under the inclusion rates proposed in Budget 2024. This reduced inclusion rate would apply to gains not offset by the lifetime capital gains exemption.

There would be a lifetime limit on gains eligible for this reduced rate, set at $200,000 commencing in 2025, and increasing by $200,000 annually until reaching a total of $2 million in 2034.

To be eligible for this reduced inclusion rate, several conditions would be required to be met, including the following:

• the shares were directly owned by the taxpayer at the time of sale;
• the shares meet the asset tests required to be qualified small business corporation shares (generally, at the time of sale, all or substantially all assets were used in an active business carried on in Canada, and throughout the 24 months preceding the sale, more than 50% of the assets were so used);
• the taxpayer was a founding investor at the time the corporation was initially capitalized;
• the shares were held by the taxpayer for a minimum of five years prior to the sale;
• at all times from the initial share subscription until immediately before the sale, the taxpayer directly owned shares accounting for more than 10% of the votes and 10% of the fair market value of the corporation;
• throughout the five years immediately preceding the sale, the taxpayer was actively engaged on a regular, continuous and substantial basis in the activities of the business; and
• the shares were acquired for fair market value consideration.

This incentive would not be available where the shares sold represented a direct or indirect interest in any of the following types of corporations:

• a professional corporation (that is, a corporation that carries on the professional practice of an accountant, dentist, lawyer, medical doctor, veterinarian or chiropractor);
• a corporation whose principal asset is the reputation or skill of one or more employees;
• a corporation that carries on a business operating in the financial, insurance, real estate, food and accommodation, arts, recreation or entertainment sector; or
• a corporation providing consulting or personal care services.

Employee Ownership Trust (EOT) Tax Exemption

Last year, Budget 2023 proposed tax rules to facilitate the creation of EOTs. An EOT is a form of employee ownership where a trust holds shares of a corporation for the benefit of the corporation’s employees. EOTs can be used to facilitate the acquisition by employees of their employer’s business, without requiring them to pay directly to acquire shares. These proposed rules are currently before Parliament in Bill C-59.

The 2023 Fall Economic Statement proposed to exempt the first $10 million in capital gains realized on certain sales of a business to an EOT from taxation. Budget 2024 provided further details on this proposed $10 million exemption.

The exemption would be available in respect of capital gains realized by an individual (whether directly, as a beneficiary of a trust, or as a partner in a partnership) on the sale of shares to an EOT where the following conditions are met:

• the corporation is not a professional corporation;
• the sale is a qualifying business transfer (QBT; meeting several requirements in the proposed rules for EOTs discussed below);
• the trust acquiring the shares is not already an EOT or a similar trust with employee beneficiaries;
• throughout the 24 months immediately prior to the QBT (the holding period), the shares were owned by the individual, a related person or a partnership in which the individual is a partner;
• throughout the holding period, over 50% of the fair market value of the corporation’s assets were used principally in an active business;
• at any time prior to the QBT, the taxpayer, or their spouse or common-law partner, was actively engaged in the qualifying business on a regular and continuous basis for a minimum period of 24 months;
• immediately after the QBT, at least 90% of the beneficiaries of the EOT were resident in Canada; and
• no disqualifying event (see below) occurs within 36 months of the QBT. If the above conditions are satisfied, an exemption for up to $10 million in capital gains from the QBT would be available. If multiple individuals disposed of shares to an EOT as part of a QBT and met the conditions described above, they would be required to share the $10 million exemption. The taxpayers would be required to agree on how to allocate the exemption. The exemption would be available for dispositions that occur between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2026.

Qualifying business transfer (QBT) The rules proposed in Budget 2023 require both the EOTs themselves and the QBTs by which they acquire businesses to meet numerous complex requirements. These subsections describe the general rules that would apply to EOTs.

A QBT would occur when a taxpayer disposes of shares of a qualifying business for proceeds that do not exceed fair market value. The shares must be disposed of to either a trust that qualifies as an EOT immediately after the sale or a corporation owned 100% by the EOT. The EOT must own a controlling interest in the qualifying business immediately after the qualifying business transfer. At the time of transfer, all or substantially all of the fair market value of the qualifying business’s assets must be attributable to assets used in an active business carried on in Canada. The business cannot be carried on through a partnership.

A qualifying business would be required to be a Canadian-controlled private corporation. No more than 40% of the corporation’s directors can be individuals that were significant owners of the qualifying business prior to the QBT, or were related to, or otherwise not dealing at arm’s length with, such owners.

Employee ownership trusts (EOT) To be an EOT, a trust would be required to be resident in Canada and have only two purposes. First, it would hold shares of qualifying businesses for the benefit of the employee beneficiaries of the trust. Second, it would make distributions to employee beneficiaries, where reasonable, under a distribution formula that could only consider an employee’s length of service, remuneration and hours worked. Otherwise, all beneficiaries must generally be treated in a similar manner.

At least one third of the trustees would be required to be employees of a qualifying business controlled by the trust. Trustees of the EOT would generally be elected by the beneficiaries every five years. If any trustee is appointed (other than by such an election), no more than 40% of all trustees can be persons that sold shares of a qualifying business to the EOT (or be related to, or otherwise not act at arm’s length with, such individuals).

Trust beneficiaries would be limited to, and include all, qualifying employees (potentially including former employees and the estates of deceased employees). A qualifying employee would be an employee of a qualifying business controlled by the EOT. Employees could be excluded as beneficiaries until they complete a reasonable probationary period. Individuals, and persons related to, or otherwise not acting at arm’s length with, them who hold, or held prior to the QBT, a significant economic interest in the qualifying business would be excluded from being qualifying employees, and therefore could not be beneficiaries of the EOT.

Disqualifying event If a disqualifying event occurs within 36 months of the QBT, the exemption would not be available. Where the individual has already claimed the exemption, it would be retroactively denied.

A disqualifying event would occur if an EOT loses its status or if less than 50% of the fair market value of the qualifying business’ shares is attributable to assets used principally in an active business at the beginning of two consecutive taxation years of the corporation.

If a disqualifying event occurs more than 36 months after a QBT, the EOT would be deemed to realize a capital gain equal to the total amount of capital gains in respect of which the vendors claimed the exemption. The normal reassessment period of an individual for a taxation year in respect of this exemption is proposed to be extended by three years, so CRA would have six years from the date of initial assessment to reassess in respect of any exemption claims under these proposals.

A claim for this exemption would require the EOT (and any corporation owned by the EOT that acquired the transferred shares) and the individual to elect to be jointly and severally liable for any tax payable by the individual as a result of the exemption being denied due to a disqualifying event within the first 36 months after a QBT.

Other matters Under the proposed amendments to the alternative minimum tax (AMT), 30% of capital gains eligible for this exemption would be included in income for AMT purposes.

Budget 2024 also proposed to expand QBTs to include the sale of shares to a worker cooperative corporation. The worker cooperative would generally need to meet the definition set out under the Canada Cooperatives Act. Provided the relevant requirements are met, this would allow access to the same tax benefits as a QBT to an EOT, including the $10 million exemption. Budget 2024 indicated that additional details on this proposal will be released in the coming months.

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

Individuals will owe AMT if the tax amount calculated under the AMT regime is greater than the tax calculated under the ordinary progressive tax rate regime. Under the legislated rules, the calculation of AMT allows fewer deductions, exemptions and tax credits than under the ordinary income tax rules. In 2023, the government proposed changes to AMT that would focus on high-income individuals and certain trusts by amending the following:

• the AMT rate would be increased from 15% to 20.5%;?
• the exemption would be increased from $40,000 to the start of the fourth tax bracket (for 2024, this is $173,205); and
• the AMT base would be broadened by further limiting tax preferences (i.e., exemptions, deductions and credits). Budget 2024 proposed to make further changes to the AMT regime, such as the following:
• to allow 80% of the donation tax credit (the 2023 proposals only provided for a 50% claim);
• to fully allow deductions for the guaranteed income supplement, social assistance, and workers’ compensation payments;
• to fully exempt employee ownership trusts from the AMT; and
• to allow certain disallowed credits under the AMT to be eligible for the AMT carry-forward (i.e., the federal political contribution tax credit, investment tax credits, and labour-sponsored funds tax credit).

Budget 2024 also proposed to provide exemptions for certain trusts established for the benefit for various Indigenous groups. Interested parties can send comments to the Department of Finance Canada, Tax Policy Branch at consultation.legislation@fin.gc.ca by June 28, 2024. All proposed AMT amendments would apply to taxation years that begin on or after January 1, 2024 (that is, the same day as the 2023 AMT amendments).

There were no broad-based changes to address concerns that many smaller trusts would be subject to AMT under the 2023 proposals. There was also no change to the 2023 proposal that only 50% of interest and financing costs incurred to earn income from property would be deductible for AMT purposes.

Volunteer Firefighters and Search and Rescue Volunteers Tax Credits

Budget 2024 proposed to double the credit amount for the volunteer firefighters tax credit and the search and rescue volunteers tax credit to $6,000. This would increase the maximum tax relief to $900. This enhancement would apply to the 2024 and subsequent taxation years.

Mineral Exploration Tax Credit

As announced on March 28, 2024, the government proposed to extend eligibility for the mineral exploration tax credit for one year to flow-through share agreements entered into on or before March 31, 2025.

Canada Child Benefit (CCB) – Death of a Child

Budget 2024 proposed to extend eligibility for the CCB for six months after the child’s death (the “extended period”) if the individual would have otherwise been eligible for the CCB in respect of that particular child. The extended period would also apply to the child disability benefit, which is paid with the CCB in respect of a child eligible for the disability tax credit. This measure would be effective for deaths that occur after 2024.

Disability Supports Deduction

The disability supports deduction allows individuals who have an impairment in physical or mental functions to deduct certain expenses that enable them to earn business or employment income or to attend school. Budget 2024 proposed to expand the list of expenses recognized under the disability supports deduction, as follows:

• where an individual has a severe and prolonged impairment in physical functions, the cost of an ergonomic work chair, a bed positioning device and purchasing a mobile computer cart;
• where an individual has an impairment in physical or mental functions, the cost of purchasing an alternative input device to allow the individual to use a computer and purchasing a digital pen device to allow the individual to use a computer;
• where an individual has a vision impairment, the cost of purchasing a navigation device for low vision; and
• where an individual has an impairment in mental functions, the cost of purchasing memory or organizational aids.

Budget 2024 also proposed that expenses for service animals would be recognized under the disability supports deduction. Taxpayers would be able to choose to claim an expense under either the medical expense tax credit or the disability supports deduction. This measure would apply to the 2024 and subsequent taxation years.

Home Buyers’ Plan

Budget 2024 proposed to increase the withdrawal limit from the home buyers’ plan from $35,000 to $60,000. This measure would apply to the 2024 and subsequent calendar years for withdrawals made after Budget Day.

Budget 2024 also proposed to temporarily defer the start of the 15-year repayment period by an additional three years for participants making a first withdrawal between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2025. Accordingly, the 15-year repayment period would start the fifth year following the year the first withdrawal was made.

Qualified Investments for Registered Plans

Budget 2024 invited stakeholders to suggest how the qualified investment rules could be modernized on a prospective basis. Issues under consideration include the following: whether and how the rules relating to investments in small businesses could be harmonized to apply consistently to all registered savings plans; whether annuities that are qualified investments only for RRSPs, RRIFs, and RDSPs should continue to be qualified investments; whether and how qualified investment rules could promote an increase in Canadian-based investments; and whether crypto-backed assets are appropriate as qualified investments for registered savings plans.

Stakeholders are invited to submit comments to QI-consultation-PA@fin.gc.ca by July 15, 2024.

Indigenous Child and Family Services Settlement

Budget 2024 proposes to exclude the income of the trusts established under the First Nations Child and Family Services, Jordan’s Principle, and Trout Class Settlement Agreement from taxation. This would also ensure that payments received by class members as beneficiaries of the trusts would not be included when computing income for federal income tax purposes. This measure would apply to the 2024 and subsequent taxation years.

Deduction for Tradespeople’s Travel Expenses

Eligible tradespeople and apprentices in the construction industry can currently deduct up to $4,000 in eligible travel and relocation expenses per year under the labour mobility deduction for tradespeople. A previously tabled proposal provided for an alternative deduction for certain travel expenses of tradespeople in the construction industry, with no cap on expenses, retroactive to the 2022 taxation year. Budget 2024 announced that the government will consider bringing forward amendments to provide a single, harmonized deduction for tradespeople’s travel that respects the proposal.

B. Business Measures

Accelerated Capital Cost Allowance (CCA)

Productivity-Enhancing Assets Budget 2024 proposed to provide immediate 100% CCA expensing for new additions of property in respect of the following three classes, provided that the property is acquired on or after April 16, 2024 and becomes available for use before January 1, 2027:

• class 44 (patents or the rights to use patented information for a limited or unlimited period);
• class 46 (data network infrastructure equipment and related systems software); and
• class 50 (general-purpose electronic data-processing equipment, such as computers and systems software). This expensing would only be available for the year in which the property becomes available for use. The claim would be prorated when the taxation year is less than 12 months.

Purpose-Built Rental Housing Budget 2024 proposed to provide an accelerated CCA of 10% for new eligible purpose-built rental projects that begin construction on or after April 16, 2024 and before January 1, 2031. The property must be available for use before January 1, 2036. Eligible property would be residential complexes with at least four private apartment units or 10 private rooms or suites. At least 90% of the units must be held for long-term rental. Conversions of non-residential real estate, such as an office building, into a residential complex would be eligible. While renovations of existing residential complexes would not be eligible, the cost of a new addition to an existing structure would be. All the normal rules applicable to CCA would apply.

Restrictions Property that has been acquired on a tax-deferred “rollover” basis, or from a non-arm’s length person, would not qualify for this acceleration of CCA.

Interest Deductibility Limits – Purpose-Built Rental Housing

Rules were previously proposed that would limit the amount of net interest and financing expenses that may be deducted by certain taxpayers in computing taxable income (the EIFEL rules). These proposed rules are currently before Parliament in Bill C-59.

The EIFEL rules provide an exemption for interest and financing expenses incurred in respect of arm’s length financing for certain public-private partnership infrastructure projects. Budget 2024 proposed expanding this exemption to also include situations in which arm’s length financing is used to build or acquire eligible purpose-built rental housing in Canada.

Canada Carbon Rebate for Small Businesses

In general, the federal government has intended to return 90% or more of the fuel charge collected in a province to individuals in that province through the Canada carbon rebate. A portion of the remainder is returned to farmers via a refundable tax credit. The government has committed to return the remainder of fuel charge proceeds to Indigenous governments and small and medium-sized businesses. The participating provinces include Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Budget 2024 proposed an accelerated and automated process to provide direct carbon rebates (a refundable tax credit) to Canadian-controlled private corporations (CCPCs) in provinces where the federal fuel charge applies. The rebate will be calculated by multiplying the number of persons employed in the province during the calendar year in which the fuel charge year begins, by a payment rate to be specified by the Minister of Finance. For example, the number of persons employed in the 2022 calendar year would be used to calculate the rebate in respect of the 2022-23 fuel charge year. To be eligible for the rebate, the corporation would need to have had no more than 499 employees throughout Canada in the calendar year. The payment rates for each applicable province for the 2019-20 to 2023-24 fuel charge years will be determined once sufficient information is available from the 2023 taxation year.

The tax credit would be paid automatically, with no application required. CRA would automatically determine the tax credit amount for an eligible corporation and pay the amount. It appears as if the number of employees would be determined by reference to the number of T4s filed.

With respect to the 2019-20 to 2023-24 fuel charge years, the rebate would be available where a tax return for the 2023 taxation year is filed by July 15, 2024. Budget 2024 indicated that this would deliver over $2.5 billion directly to 600,000 small- and medium-sized businesses.

Clean Economy Investment Tax Credits

Budget 2024 included a new 10% electric vehicle supply chain investment tax credit on the cost of buildings used in key segments of the electric vehicle supply chain, for businesses that invest in Canada across three supply chain segments:

• electric vehicle assembly;
• electric vehicle battery production; and
• cathode active material production.

The credit would apply to property that is acquired and becomes available for use on or after January 1, 2024 (it would be fully eliminated by the end of 2034).

Budget 2024 also proposed that the clean technology manufacturing investment tax credit would be adjusted to incorporate polymetallic projects (projects engaged in the production of multiple metals; draft legislation will be released for consultation in summer 2024 and the government targets introducing legislation in fall 2024).

More details on the clean electricity investment tax credit were also provided (draft legislation was not included).

Mutual Fund Corporations

Budget 2024 proposed to preclude a corporation from qualifying as a mutual fund corporation where it is controlled by or for the benefit of a corporate group (including a corporate group that consists of any combination of corporations, individuals, trusts, and partnerships that do not deal with each other at arm’s length). This measure would apply to taxation years that begin after 2024.

Non-Compliance with Information Requests

Budget 2024 proposed several amendments to expand CRA’s ability to gather information. They are intended to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of tax audits of uncooperative taxpayers and facilitate the collection of tax revenues on a timelier basis. The proposed measures included the following:

• CRA would be permitted to issue a “notice of non-compliance” to a taxpayer that fails to comply with a requirement or notice to provide information;
• where a notice of non-compliance is issued, a penalty of $50 per day ($25,000 maximum) would apply until the request is complied with;
• CRA would be permitted to require that information (oral or written) or documents included in a requirement or notice be provided under oath or affirmation;
• when CRA obtains a compliance order against a taxpayer from a court, the taxpayer would be subject to a penalty equal to 10% of the aggregate tax payable by the taxpayer for each related taxation year for which aggregate tax payable exceeds $50,000; and
• various extensions of the time limit for reassessments would apply, generally providing CRA with additional time equal to the period of non-compliance, or of any legal dispute related to a requirement or notice.

C. International Measures

Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework

Budget 2024 proposed to impose a new annual reporting requirement on crypto-asset service providers that deliver business services effectuating exchange transactions in crypto-assets (e.g. crypto exchanges, crypto-asset brokers and dealers, and operators of crypto-asset automated teller machines).

Crypto-asset service providers would be required to report to CRA, in respect of each customer and in respect of each crypto-asset, the annual value of:

• exchanges between the crypto-asset and fiat currencies;
• exchanges for other crypto-assets; and
• transfers of the crypto-asset, including the requirement to report information in respect of a customer of a merchant where the crypto-asset service provider processes payments on behalf of the merchant and the customer has transferred crypto-assets to the merchant in exchange for goods or services with a value exceeding US$50,000.

Reportable crypto-assets would exclude central bank digital currencies and specified electronic money products (e.g., digital representations of fiat currencies), which would be reportable under proposed amendments to the Common Reporting Standard included in Budget 2024.

In addition to information on crypto-asset transactions, crypto-asset service providers would be required to obtain and report information on each of their customers, including name, address, date of birth, jurisdiction(s) of residence and taxpayer identification numbers for each jurisdiction of residence. If a customer is a corporation or other legal entity, the same information would need to be collected and reported in respect of the natural persons who exercise control over the entity. Reporting would be required with respect to both Canadian resident and non-resident customers.

Withholding for Non-Resident Service Providers

Budget 2024 proposed to provide CRA with the legislative authority to waive the 15% withholding requirement on payments to non-residents for services provided, over a specified period, if either of the following conditions are met:

• the non-resident would not be subject to Canadian income tax in respect of the payments because of a tax treaty between its country of residence and Canada; or
• the income from providing the services is exempt income from international shipping or from operating an aircraft in international traffic.

D. Sales and Excise Measures

Extending GST Relief to Student Residences

In 2023, the government announced that it would temporarily remove the GST from new purpose-built rental housing projects, such as apartment buildings, student housing and senior residences built specifically for long-term rental accommodation.

Budget 2024 proposed to apply the normal GST/HST rules that apply to other builders (i.e., paying GST/HST on the final value of the building) in respect of new student housing projects such that they can claim the enhanced GST rental rebate. Budget 2024 also proposed to allow universities, public colleges and school authorities that operate on a not-for-profit basis to access the rebate with respect to new student housing. This would not be available to universities, public colleges and school authorities that operate on a for-profit basis.

The proposed measures would apply to student residences that begin construction after September 13, 2023 and before 2031, and that complete construction before 2036.

GST/HST on Face Masks and Face Shields

Budget 2024 proposed to repeal the temporary zero-rating of certain face masks or respirators and certain face shields under the GST/HST. This measure would apply to supplies made on or after May 1, 2024.

E. Other Measures

Housing Plan

Budget 2024 included a variety of proposed initiatives to stimulate home construction. In addition to tax-related measures discussed elsewhere in this document, a variety of non-tax measures were proposed, including the following:

• first-time homebuyers will be permitted to obtain CMHC-insured mortgages with a 30-year amortization period if they purchase a newly built home, commencing August 1, 2024;
• the Canada Mortgage Charter will include an expectation that permanent amortization relief will be provided to allow existing homeowners to reduce their payments by extending their mortgage term in order to facilitate homeowners being able to retain their homes; and
• expanded efforts will be undertaken to unlock government-owned real estate to be used for home construction, including the use of land held by the Department of National Defense and converting underused federal offices into homes.

Canada Pension Plan (CPP)

Budget 2024 proposed to coordinate with provincial partners to make amendments to the CPP, including the following:

• enhance the death benefit for certain contributors;
• add a children’s benefit for part-time students whose parent is deceased;
• extend eligibility for children’s benefits where a disabled parent reaches age 65; and
• end eligibility for survivor’s benefits to people who are legally separated after a division of pensionable earnings.

Canada Disability Benefit

Budget 2024 provided additional details on the launch of the Canada disability benefit. Payments under this benefit are intended to commence in July 2025, following the successful completion of the regulatory process and consultations with persons with disabilities. A maximum annual benefit of $2,400 would be available to low-income persons between the ages of 18 and 64 eligible for the disability tax credit. The benefit is expected to support over 600,000 individuals.

Student Loan Forgiveness

Forgiveness of student loans for health care and social services professionals working in rural or remote areas would be expanded from its current coverage of, doctors and nurses to also be available to early childhood educators, dentists, dental hygienists, pharmacists, midwives, teachers, social workers, personal support workers, physiotherapists and psychologists.

Canada Learning Bond

The Canada learning bond is a government contribution of up to $2,000 per year to registered education savings plans (RESPs) for children in low-income families. In order to increase the receipt of these amounts, Budget 2024 proposed the following initiatives:

• commencing with children born in 2024, RESPs would be opened automatically for children eligible for these payments in the year they turn four years of age;
• caregivers of older children eligible for these payments will be permitted to apply for the creation of a similar RESP, and the automatic deposit of these funds; and
• the maximum age to retroactively claim the Canada learning bond will be increased to 30 from 20.

Charities and Qualified Donees

Budget 2024 proposed several amendments relating to the charitable sector, including the following:

• modernizing the way in which CRA provides services and communicates information relating to registered charities and other qualified donees;
• amending certain rules for qualifying foreign charities;
• removing the requirement that official donation receipts contain:
• o the place of issuance of the receipt;
• o the name and address of the appraiser, if an appraisal of the donated property has been done; and
• o the middle initial of the donor; and
• updating the regulations to expressly permit charities to issue official donation receipts electronically, provided that they contain all required information, they are issued in a secure and non-editable format and the charity maintains an electronic copy of the receipts. The above measures, other than those related to foreign charities, apply upon royal assent.

Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) Funding

Additional funding will be provided to CRA for initiatives including the following:

• ongoing efforts to identify non-compliance in real estate transactions;
• pilot new automatic filing services SimpleFile Digital and SimpleFile by Paper to increase filings by low-income taxpayers; and
• improve the efficiency of its call centres.

Consultations and Reviews

Budget 2024 also announced the following areas proposed to be reviewed, some with formal consultations:

• modernizing the scientific research & experimental development tax incentive program, with an intention to increase annual funding by $150 million;
• implementing a tax on residentially zoned vacant land; and
• issuing draft legislation to limit non-sufficient funds (NSF) charges to $10, and restrict their application in various other ways.

F. Previously Announced Measures

Budget 2024 confirmed the government’s intention to proceed with the following previously announced tax and related measures, as modified to consider consultations, deliberations and legislative developments, since their release.

• Legislative proposals released on March 9, 2024, to extend by two years the 2% cap on the inflation adjustment on beer, spirit and wine excise duties, and to cut by half for two years the excise duty rate on the first 15,000 hectolitres of beer brewed in Canada.

• Legislative proposals released on December 20, 2023, including with respect to the following measures: o the clean hydrogen investment tax credit and clean technology manufacturing investment tax credit; o bona fide concessional loans; o denial of expenses for certain short-term rentals; o vaping excise duties; and o international shipping.

• Legislative and regulatory proposals announced in the 2023 Fall Economic Statement, including with respect to the following measures: o the Canadian journalism labour tax credit; o proposed expansion of eligibility for the clean technology and clean electricity investments tax credits to support generation of electricity and heat from waste biomass; o the addition of psychotherapists and counselling therapists to the list of health care practitioners whose professional services rendered to individuals are exempt from GST/HST; o proposals relating to the GST/HST joint venture election rules; o the application of the enhanced GST rental rebate to qualifying co-operative housing corporations; and o proposals relating to the underused housing tax.

• Regulatory proposals released on November 3, 2023, to temporarily pause the federal fuel charge on deliveries of heating oil.

• Legislative and regulatory amendments to implement the enhanced GST rental rebate for purpose-built rental housing announced on September 14, 2023.

• Legislative proposals released on August 4, 2023, including with respect to the following measures: o carbon capture, utilization and storage investment tax credit; o clean technology investment tax credit; o labour requirements related to certain investment tax credits; o enhancing the reduced tax rates for zero-emission technology manufacturers; o flow-through shares and the critical mineral exploration tax credit – lithium from brines; o employee ownership trusts; o retirement compensation arrangements; o strengthening the intergenerational business transfer framework; o the income tax and GST/HST treatment of credit unions; o a tax on repurchases of equity; o modernizing the general anti-avoidance rule; o providing relief in relation to the GST/HST treatment of payment card clearing services; o extending the quarterly duty remittance option to all licensed cannabis producers; o including revised luxury tax draft regulations to provide greater clarity on the tax treatment of luxury items; and o excessive interest and financing expenses limitations.

• Legislative proposals released on August 9, 2022, including with respect to the following measures: o substantive Canadian-controlled private corporations; o remaining legislative and regulatory proposals relating to the GST/HST, o excise levies and other taxes and charges announced in the August 9, 2022 release; o legislative amendments to implement the hybrid mismatch arrangements rules announced in Budget 2021; and o regulatory proposals released in Budget 2021 related to information requirements to support input tax credit claims under the GST/HST.

DISCLAIMER The preceding information is for educational purposes only. As it is impossible to include all situations, circumstances and exceptions in a newsletter such as this, a further review should be done by a qualified professional.

No individual or organization involved in either the preparation or distribution of this letter accepts any contractual, tortious, or any other form of liability for its contents or for any consequences arising from its use.

New for 2023 Personal Tax

• Electronic Remittances or Payments Above $10,000 – effective January 1, 2024, remittances or payments to the Receiver General of Canada should be made as an electronic payment if the amount is more than $10,000. Payers may face a penalty unless they cannot reasonably remit or pay the amount electronically. For more information, go to payments to the CRA
• Advanced Canada Workers Benefit (ACWB) – taxpayers no longer have to apply for advance payments of the Canada Workers Benefit (CWB) when they file their tax returns. These payments are now issued automatically to those who were entitled to receive the benefit in the previous year. For more information, go to Canada Workers Benefit
• Deduction for Tradesperson’s Tools Expenses – Starting in 2023, employees can deduct up to the $1,000 for tradesperson’s tools expenses (increased from $500)
• Residential Property Flipping Rules – Starting January 1, 2023, a new deeming rule applies to ensure profits from flipping residential real estate are always fully taxed. The rule deems profits from dispositions of residential property (including rental property) that was owned for less than 365 days to be taxable business income instead of capital gain, with exemptions for death, breakdown of marriage, eligible relocations and other life events. The flipping rules also apply to assignment sales. For more information, see Residential Property Flipping Rule
• First Home Savings Account (FHSA) – The FHSA is a new registered plan to help individuals save for their first home. Starting April 1, 2023, contributions to an FHSA are deductible and the income earned in an FHSA is not taxable. Qualifying withdrawals from an FHSA to purchase a qualifying home are also not taxable. If you opened one or more FHSAs in 2023, complete schedule 15, FHSA Contributions, Transfers and Activities. For more information, see FHSA
• Multigenerational Home Renovation Tax Credit (MHRTC) – This new refundable tax credit is available for up to $7,500 (15% of $50,000) of the costs of a qualifying renovation to an eligible dwelling that is completed to allow a qualifying individual to live with a qualifying relation. You can claim the credit for qualifying expenditures made or incurred after December 31, 2022, for services performed or good acquired after that date. For more information, see MHRTC
• Temporary Flat Rate Method For Home Office Expenses – the temporary flat rate method does not apply for 2023. Therefore, taxpayers looking to claim home office expenses for 2023 will be required to use the detailed method and get a completed Form T2200, Declaration of Conditions of Employment, from their employer

Other Notable Updates

• The 2023 cumulative lifetime capital gains exemption is $971,190
• The tax-free savings account (TFSA) limit has been increased to $7,000 for 2024, bringing the cumulative contribution limit to $95,000 for individuals that were eligible to make a TFSA contribution in 2009
• The RRSP contribution limit for the 2024 taxation year is 18% of earned income you reported on your tax return in 2023, up to a maximum of $31,560. For the 2025 taxation year, the RRSP contribution limit would be a maximum of $32,490

New rules aimed at providing more transparency on beneficial ownership of assets now require that more trusts (and estates) file tax returns. These changes will catch many individuals and businesses that may not be aware of their trust-like relationships, exposing them to potential penalties and other consequences for non-compliance. The rules become effective in 2023, with a filing deadline of April 2, 2024.

Unexpected exposure – bare trust arrangements

The rules have been expanded to include cases where a trust acts as an agent for its beneficiaries, commonly known as a bare trust. In such instances, the person/entity listed as the owner of an asset is not the true beneficial owner; instead, they hold the asset on behalf of another party.

STEP 1: Does a bare trust arrangement exist?

To determine if a bare trust arrangement exists, the following question should be asked:

• Is the person on title or holding the asset the true beneficial owner? For example, do they get the benefits of the asset (such as sale proceeds) and bear the costs or risks of the asset (such as property taxes)?

There is likely a bare trust arrangement if there is a mismatch between legal and beneficial ownership, often requiring a trust return.

There are several reasons why an individual, business or organization may use a bare trust arrangement. Many parties involved in a bare trust arrangement may not realize that they are, much less that there may be a filing requirement with CRA. No lawyer may have ever been involved, and no written agreement may have ever been drafted.

While there are countless possibilities of bare trust arrangements, the following lists some common potential examples.

Individual Reasons

• a parent is on title of a child’s home (without the parent having beneficial ownership) to assist the child in obtaining a mortgage;
• a parent or grandparent holds an investment or bank account in trust for a child or grandchild;
• one spouse is on title of a house or asset although the other spouse is at least a partial beneficial owner;

Estate Planning Reasons

• a child is on title of a parent’s home (without the child having beneficial ownership) for probate or estate planning purposes only;
• a child is on parent’s financial accounts (or other assets) to assist with administration after the parent’s passing;

Business Administration Reasons

• a corporate bank account is opened by the shareholders with the corporation being the beneficial owner of the funds;
• a corporation is on title of an individual’s real estate, vehicle or other asset, and vice-versa;
• assets registered to one corporation but beneficially owned by a related corporation;
• use of a nominee corporation for real estate development purposes;
• a partner of a partnership holding a bank account or asset for the benefit of all the other partners of a partnership;
• a joint venture arrangement where the operator holds legal title to development property as an agent for the benefit of other participants;
• a cost-sharing arrangement where a person holds a business bank account, or other assets, to facilitate the arrangement while having no, or only partial, beneficial interest in these shared assets;

Industry-specific Issues

• a property management company holding operational bank accounts in trust for their clients, or individuals managing properties for other corporations holding bank accounts for those other corporations; and
• a lawyer’s specific trust account (while a lawyer’s general trust account is largely carved out of the filing requirements, a specific trust account is not).

CRA has not commented on several of the examples; it is uncertain how they will interpret and enforce the law.

STEP 2: Does a trust return need to be filed?

After determining that a bare trust arrangement exists, it is important to determine whether an exception from filing a trust return is available.

Some of the more common exceptions include the following:

• trusts in existence for less than three months at the end of the year;
• trusts holding only assets within a prescribed listing that is very restrictive (such items in the listing include cash and publicly listed shares) with a total fair market value that does not exceed $50,000 at any time in the year;
• trusts required by law or under rules of professional conduct to hold funds related to the activity regulated thereunder, excluding any trust that is maintained as a separate trust for a particular client (this applies to a lawyer’s general trust account, but not specific client accounts); and
• registered charities and non-profit clubs, societies or associations.

A trust return must be filed if one of the exceptions are not met. Even where one of the new exceptions is met, a trust would still have to file a return if they had to file under the prior rules, such as the trust having taxes payable or having disposed of capital property.

STEP 3: What information must be disclosed?

Where a trust is required to file a tax return, the identity of all the trustees (who is on title or holds the asset), beneficiaries (who really owns the asset), settlors (who owned the asset originally) and anyone with the ability to exert influence over trustee decisions regarding the income or capital of the trust must be disclosed.

Such required information includes:

• name;
• address;
• date of birth (if applicable);
• country of residence; and
• tax identification number (e.g. social insurance number, business number, trust number).

Obtaining this information proactively is especially helpful, particularly if those involved are no longer in close contact.

Traditional trusts

Under the previous rules, a trust was required to file a trust return if one of several conditions were met, such as the trust having taxes payable or disposing of capital property. Many trusts did not meet a condition and, therefore, were not required to file a trust return previously. For example, many trusts owning shares of a private corporation were historically not required to file in years when there were no share sales or dividends received. However, trusts that were exempted from filing under the old rules are now required to file unless one of a new set of narrow exceptions is also met. See some of the more common exceptions in STEP 2 above.

Under the new rules, some of the more common trusts that may require disclosure include the following: trust owning shares of a private corporation, trust owning a family cottage, spousal or common-law partner trust, alter-ego trust and testamentary trust.

Failing to File… So what?

Failure to make the required filings and disclosures on time attracts penalties of $25/day, to a maximum of $2,500, as well as further penalties on any unpaid taxes. New gross negligence penalties may also apply, being the greater of $2,500 and 5% of the highest total fair market value of the trust’s property at any time in the year. These will apply to any person or partnership subject to the new regime.

CRA has recently indicated that, for bare trusts only, the late filing penalty would be waived for the 2023 tax year in situations where the filing is made after the due date of April 2, 2024. However, CRA noted that this does not extend to the penalty applicable where the failure to file is made knowingly or due to gross negligence. As there is limited guidance as to who would qualify, it is recommended that disclosures should be made in a timely manner.

In addition to penalties, failing to properly file trust returns may result in negative tax (such as possibly losing access to the principal residence exemption) and non-tax (such as inadvertently exposing assets to creditors inappropriately) consequences.

If you have any questions, give us a call!

On March 28, 2023, the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, the Honourable Chrystia Freeland, presented Budget 2023 – A Made-in-Canada Plan: Strong Middle Class, Affordable Economy, Healthy Future, to the House of Commons.

No changes were made to personal or corporate tax rates or to the inclusion rate on taxable capital gains. Some highlights include the following:

1. Personal Measures

• Modifications to the alternative minimum tax regime focused on high-income individuals.
• A one-time grocery rebate equal to two quarterly GST/HST credit payments.
• Additional flexibility and possibilities with Registered Disability and Registered Education Savings Plans were introduced.

2. Business Measures

• Modifications to the intergenerational business transfer rules to set requirements for activity by the children in the business and the transfer of control, equity ownership and management from the parents to the children.
• Introduction of the employee ownership trust structure to provide a mechanism for business owners to transfer ownership in their private corporations to employee groups.
• Several investment tax credits and other incentives were introduced or modified to encourage investment in clean energy.

3. International Measures

• Confirmation of the government’s intention to introduce legislation implementing the income allocation rule and a domestic minimum top-up tax applicable to Canadian entities of multinational enterprises consistent with the OECD's BEPS initiatives.

4. Sales and Excise Tax

• Increasing the air travellers security charge, limiting increases to alcohol excise duties for one year and adjusting the cannabis excise duty remittance frequency.

5. Other Measures

• New income-tested dental care program for uninsured Canadians.

6. Previously Announced Measures

• Intention to proceed with previously announced measures, including those related to excessive interest and financing expenses limitations; reporting rules for digital platform operators; extension of the residential property flipping rule to assignment sales; substantive Canadian-controlled private corporations; the mandatory disclosure rules; the electronic filing and certification of tax and information returns; and GST/HST changes in respect of cryptoasset mining.

A. Personal Measures

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for High-Income Individuals

Individuals will owe AMT if the tax amount calculated under the AMT regime is greater than the tax calculated under the ordinary progressive tax rate regime. Under the current rules, the calculation of AMT allows fewer deductions, exemptions and tax credits than under the ordinary income tax rules and applies a flat 15% tax on income over a standard $40,000 exemption.

Budget 2023 proposes several changes to the AMT calculation. First, the AMT rate is proposed to increase from 15% to 20.5%.

Second, the exemption would increase from $40,000 to the start of the fourth tax bracket (for 2024 this is approximately $173,000). Third, the AMT base would be broadened by further limiting tax preferences (i.e., exemptions, deductions and credits) as follows:

• The capital gains inclusion rate would increase from 80% to 100%.
• 30% of capital gains eligible for the lifetime capital gains exemption would be included.
• Deductions of capital loss carry forwards and allowable business investment losses would apply at a 50% rate.
• 100% of employee stock options benefits would be included.
• 30% of capital gains on donations of publicly listed securities would be included.
• Only 50% of many deductions would be allowed, including the following: employment expenses (other than those incurred to earn commission income); moving expenses; child care expenses; interest and carrying charges incurred to earn income from property; northern residents deduction; and non-capital and limited partnership losses of other years.
• Only 50% of non-refundable tax credits historically allowed for AMT purposes would be allowed.

The ability to recover AMT in the seven subsequent years, to the extent that tax computed under the ordinary progressive tax rate regime exceeds AMT, is not proposed to change.

The proposed changes would come into force for the 2024 personal tax year.

Grocery Rebate

Individuals and families with modest incomes receive the Goods and Services Tax Credit (GSTC). The maximum 2022/2023 GSTC is $467 for a single person, and $612 plus $161 per child for a married or common-law couple. Budget 2023 proposes a one-time payment called the Grocery Rebate which will equal half of the annual maximum (twice the quarterly payment received in January, 2023) to be paid as soon as possible after the legislation is passed.

Deduction for Tradespeople’s Tool Expenses

Under the current law, a tradesperson can claim a deduction of up to $500 of eligible new tools acquired in a taxation year as a condition of employment. Budget 2023 proposes to double the maximum employment deduction for tradespeople’s tools from $500 to $1,000, effective for 2023 and subsequent taxation years. As a consequence of this change, extraordinary tool costs that are eligible to be deducted under the apprentice vehicle mechanics’ tools deduction would be those costs that exceed the combined amount of the increased deduction for tradespeople’s tool expenses ($1,000) and the Canada employment credit ($1,368 in 2023) or 5% of the taxpayer’s income earned as an apprentice mechanic, whichever is greater. Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs)

Government grants and investment income can be withdrawn from RESPs as an education assistance payment (EAP) when a beneficiary is enrolled in an eligible post-secondary program. These withdrawals are taxable.

Under the current law, beneficiaries that are full-time students cannot withdraw more than $5,000 in EAPs in respect of the first 13 consecutive weeks of enrollment in a 12-month period. For part-time students, the limit is $2,500 per 13-week period. Budget 2023 proposes to increase these limits to $8,000 for full-time students and $4,000 for part-time students.

Budget 2023 also proposes to enable divorced or separated parents to open joint RESPs for one or more of their children or to move an existing joint RESP to another promoter. Under the current law, only spouses or common-law partners can jointly enter into an agreement with an RESP promoter to open an RESP.

These changes would come into force on Budget Day.

Registered Disability Savings Plans (RDSPs)

Where the contractual competence of a person with a disability who is 18 years of age or older is in doubt, the RDSP plan holder must be that person’s guardian or legal representative. A temporary measure allowed the person’s parent, spouse or common-law partner (a “qualifying family member”) to open an RDSP and be the plan holder where the person does not have a legal representative.

Budget 2023 proposes to extend this measure by three years, to December 31, 2026. Budget 2023 also proposes to broaden the definition of qualifying family members to include a brother or sister of the beneficiary who is 18 years of age or older. Qualifying family members who become a plan holder before the end of 2026 could remain the plan holder after 2026.

These proposals would apply as of royal assent of the enacting legislation.

Retirement Compensation Arrangements (RCAs)

An RCA is type of employer-sponsored arrangement that generally allows an employer to provide supplemental pension benefits to employees. A refundable tax is imposed at a rate of 50% on contributions to an RCA trust, as well as on income and gains earned or realized by the trust. The tax is generally refunded as the retirement benefits are paid to the employee. The employer receives a full deduction for contributions made to the RCA.

Employers who do not pre-fund supplemental retirement benefits through contributions to an RCA trust and instead settle retirement benefit obligations as they become due, can obtain a letter of credit (or a surety bond) issued by a financial institution in order to provide security to their employees. To secure or renew the letter of credit, the employer pays an annual fee or premium charged by the issuer. These fees and premiums are subject to the 50% refundable tax.

Budget 2023 proposes that fees or premiums paid for the purposes of securing or renewing a letter of credit (or a surety bond) for an RCA that is supplemental to a registered pension plan will not be subject to the refundable tax. This change would apply to fees or premiums paid on or after Budget Day.

Budget 2023 also proposes to allow employers to request a refund of previously remitted refundable taxes in respect of such fees or premiums paid in prior years. They would be entitled to recover 50% of retirement benefits paid after 2023, to a maximum of the refundable taxes paid in the past.

B. Business Measures

Strengthening the Intergenerational Business Transfer Framework

Historically where parents transferred shares of their corporation to a corporation owned by their children, deemed dividends rather than capital gains would arise on the disposition (due to Section 84.1 of the Income Tax Act). In 2021, legislation was passed (Bill C-208) to provide an exception from this deemed dividend treatment to facilitate the transfer of family businesses to the next generation. This exception allowed parents to utilize the lifetime capital gains exemption or simply receive capital gain treatment on the disposition, and enjoy the same tax benefits available on a sale to unrelated third parties.

However, the government was concerned that this exception contained insufficient safeguards and may have provided an inappropriate tax advantage where there was no transfer of a business to the next generation.

More specifically, this exception did not require that:

• the parent cease to control the underlying business of the corporation whose shares are transferred,
• the child(ren) purchasing the shares have any involvement in the business,
• the interest in the purchaser corporation held by the child(ren) continue to have value, or
• the child(ren) retain an interest in the business after the transfer.

  Proposed Amendments

  Budget 2023 proposes to amend these rules to ensure that they apply only where a genuine intergenerational business transfer (IBT) takes place.

A genuine IBT under the current law would be a transfer of shares of a corporation (the Transferred Corporation) by an individual shareholder (the Transferor) to another corporation (the Purchaser Corporation) where both of the following conditions are satisfied:

1. each share of the Transferred Corporation must be a “qualified small business corporation share” or a “share of the capital stock of a family farm or fishing corporation” (both as defined in the Income Tax Act), at the time of the transfer (in general terms, this requires that all or substantially all of its assets be used in an active business carried on in Canada); and
2. the Purchaser Corporation must be controlled by one or more persons each of whom is an adult child of the Transferor (the meaning of “child” for these purposes would include grandchildren, step-children, children-in-law, nieces and nephews, and grandnieces and grandnephews).

To ensure that only genuine IBTs are excluded from the deemed dividend rules, Budget 2023 proposes additional conditions be added. To provide flexibility, taxpayers who wish to undertake a genuine IBT may choose to rely on one of two transfer options:

1. an immediate business transfer (three-year test) based on arm’s length sale terms; or
2. a gradual business transfer (five-to-ten-year test) based on traditional estate freeze characteristics (an estate freeze typically involves a parent crystalizing the value of their economic interest in a corporation into shares that no longer share in growth in the corporate value to allow future growth to accrue to their children while the parent’s fixed economic interest is then gradually diminished by the corporation repurchasing the parent’s shares).

The immediate transfer rule would provide finality earlier in the process, though with more stringent conditions. In recognition that not all business transfers are immediate, the gradual transfer rule would provide additional flexibility for those who choose that approach.

Both the immediate and gradual business transfer options would reflect the hallmarks of a genuine IBT. The chart on the next page outlines the proposed conditions to qualify as a genuine IBT under each option.

When the current exception was introduced, it was intended that there be restrictions for transfers of large corporations. However, these restrictions were not effectively implemented. Budget 2023 indicates that there would be no limit on the value of shares transferred in reliance upon this rule.

The current exception includes restrictions on sale of the business by the purchaser corporation within five years of the share transfer. Budget 2023 proposes that these requirements would be eliminated. In addition, new relieving rules would apply to deem requirements 3, 4 and 5 in the above chart to be met in respect of a child where either of the following occurs:

• the child dies or becomes permanently disabled; or
• the child disposes of their entire their interest in the business in an arm’s length disposition.

In order to benefit from the exception to the deemed dividends, the Transferor and child(ren) would be required to jointly elect for the transfer to qualify as either an immediate or gradual intergenerational share transfer. The child(ren) would be jointly and severally liable for any additional taxes payable by the Transferor on deemed dividends resulting from a transfer that does not meet the above conditions. The joint election and joint and several liability recognize that the actions of the child could potentially cause the parent to fail the conditions and to be reassessed in this regard.

The limitation period for reassessing the Transferor’s liability for tax that may arise on the transfer is proposed to be extended by three years for an immediate business transfer and by ten years for a gradual business transfer, ensuring that the Transferor can be reassessed if the requirements are not met throughout the applicable period.

Budget 2023 also proposes to provide a ten-year capital gains reserve for genuine intergenerational share transfers that satisfy the above proposed conditions, which would allow capital gains to be brought into income over a period of up to ten years, in proportion to proceeds received. The normal limit for such reserves is five years.

These rules would apply to share sales occurring on or after January 1, 2024.

Employee Ownership Trusts (EOTs)

An EOT is a form of employee ownership where a trust holds shares of a corporation for the benefit of the corporation’s employees. EOTs can be used to facilitate the acquisition by employees of their employer’s business, without requiring them to pay directly to acquire shares. This will provide business owners an additional option for succession planning. Budget 2023 proposes new rules to facilitate the use of EOTs to acquire and hold shares of a business.

The following subsections describe the general rules that would apply to EOTs. Complex requirements are set out in draft legislation included in the Budget papers.

Definitions

To be an EOT, a trust would be required to be resident in Canada (excluding deemed resident trusts) and have only two purposes. First, it would hold shares of qualifying businesses for the benefit of the employee beneficiaries of the trust. Second, it would make distributions to employee beneficiaries, where reasonable, under a distribution formula that could only consider an employee’s length of service, remuneration and hours worked. Otherwise, all beneficiaries must generally be treated in a similar manner.

An EOT would be required to hold a controlling interest in the shares of the qualifying business. A qualifying business would need to meet certain conditions. It would be required to be a Canadian-controlled private corporation. All or substantially all of the fair market value of its assets must be attributable to assets used in an active business carried on in Canada. A qualifying business would not be able to carry on business as a partner in a partnership. An EOT would not be permitted to allocate shares of a qualifying business to individual beneficiaries. Trustees of the EOT would be elected by the beneficiaries every five years. Individuals who held a significant economic interest in a business prior to its acquisition by the EOT would not be able to make up more than 40% of the trustees of the EOT, the directors of a corporation serving as a trustee of the EOT or the directors of any qualifying business owned by the EOT. This limit would also include persons related to such individuals.

Trust beneficiaries would be limited to qualifying employees. Individuals, and persons related to them, who hold, or held prior to the disposition to the EOT, a significant economic interest in the business would be excluded from being qualifying employees.

The Tax Treatment

The EOT would be a taxable trust and will be generally subject to the same rules as other personal trusts. Therefore, undistributed trust income would be taxed in the EOT at the top personal marginal tax rate. If the EOT distributes dividends received from the qualifying business, those dividends would retain their character when received by employee beneficiaries and would be eligible for the dividend tax credit.

Qualifying Business Transfer

A qualifying business transfer would occur when a taxpayer disposes of shares of a qualifying business for proceeds that do not exceed fair market value. The shares must be disposed of to either a trust that qualifies as an EOT immediately after the sale or a corporation owned 100% by the EOT. The EOT must own a controlling interest in the qualifying business immediately after the qualifying business transfer.

Benefits

1. A 10-year capital gain reserve would be available, therefore allowing capital gains to be brought into income over a period of up to ten years, in proportion to proceeds received. The normal limit for such reserves is five years.
2. A loan from the qualifying business to the EOT for the purchase of the shares of the qualifying business could be repaid within 15 years, an exception to the usual rule that loans to a shareholder are included in income if not repaid by the end of the following fiscal year.
3. The EOT would be able to hold the shares indefinitely without being deemd to realize capital gains. Most trusts are deemed to realize all gains accumulated in their assets every 21 years.

These amendment would apply as of January 1, 2024.

Clean Electricity Investment Tax Credit

Budget 2023 proposes to introduce a 15% refundable tax credit for eligible investments in:

• non-emitting electricity generation systems: wind, concentrated solar, solar photovoltaic, hydro (including large-scale), wave, tidal, nuclear (including large-scale and small modular reactors);
• abated natural gas-fired electricity generation (which would be subject to an emissions intensity threshold compatible with a net-zero grid by 2035);
• stationary electricity storage systems that do not use fossil fuels in operation, such as batteries, pumped hydroelectric storage, and compressed air storage; and
• equipment for the transmission of electricity between provinces and territories.

Both new projects and the refurbishment of existing facilities will be eligible. Taxable and non-taxable entities such as Crown corporations and publicly owned utilities, corporations owned by Indigenous communities, and pension funds, would be eligible. The clean electricity investment tax credit could be claimed in addition to the Atlantic investment tax credit, but generally not with any other investment tax credit.

In order to access the tax credit in each province and territory, other requirements will include a commitment by a competent authority that the federal funding will be used to lower electricity bills, and a commitment to achieve a net-zero electricity sector by 2035.

The clean electricity investment tax credit would be available as of Budget Day 2024 for projects that did not begin construction before Budget Day 2023. The credit would not be available after 2034.

Clean Hydrogen Investment Tax Credit

Budget 2023 proposes to introduce the clean hydrogen refundable investment tax credit for investments made in clean hydrogen production based on the lifecycle carbon intensity of hydrogen (previously noted in the 2022 Fall Economic Statement). The amount of the credit, which ranges from 15% to 40%, is based on assessed carbon intensity of the hydrogen that is produced (i.e., kilogram (kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per kg of hydrogen).

The credit would be available in respect of the cost of purchasing and installing eligible equipment for projects that produce hydrogen from electrolysis or natural gas (so long as emissions are abated using carbon capture, utilization, and storage).

Property that is required to convert clean hydrogen to clean ammonia would also be eligible for the credit, at the lowest credit rate of 15%.

This measure would apply to property that is acquired and that becomes available for use on or after Budget Day. The credit would be fully phased out for property that becomes available for use after 2034.

Clean Technology Investment Tax Credit

The 2022 Fall Economic Statement proposed a 30% clean technology investment tax credit for Canadian businesses adopting in clean technology and investing in eligible property that is acquired and that becomes available for use on or after Budget Day 2023. Eligible capital costs include investments in:

• electricity generation systems, including solar photovoltaic, small modular nuclear reactors, concentrated solar, wind, and water (small hydro, run-of-river, wave, and tidal);
• stationary electricity storage systems that do not use fossil fuels in their operation, including but not limited to: batteries, flywheels, supercapacitors, magnetic energy storage, compressed air storage, pumped hydro storage, gravity energy storage, and thermal energy storage;
• low-carbon heat equipment, including active solar heating, air-source heat pumps, and ground-source heat pumps; and
• industrial zero-emission vehicles and related charging or refuelling equipment, such as hydrogen or electric heavy-duty equipment used in mining or construction.

Budget 2023 proposes to expand eligibility of the tax credit to include geothermal energy systems that are eligible for Class 43.1 of Schedule II of the Income Tax Regulations. The expansion would apply in respect of property that is acquired and becomes available for use on or after Budget Day, where it has not been used for any purpose before its acquisition.

The phase-out of the credit would commence in 2034, rather than 2032 as previously announced.

Investment Tax Credit for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)

Budget 2022 proposed a refundable investment tax credit for the cost of purchasing and installing eligible equipment used in an eligible CCUS project for businesses that incur eligible expenses starting on January 1, 2022.

Budget 2023 proposes the following changes in respect of the CCUS, with details to be released in the coming months:

• Dual use equipment that produces heat and/ or power or uses water, that is used for CCUS as well as another process, would be eligible for the CCUS tax credit on a pro-rated basis in proportion to the expected energy balance or material balance supporting the CCUS process over the first 20 years of the project.
• British Columbia would be added to the list of eligible jurisdictions for dedicated geological storage, applicable to expenses incurred on or after January 1, 2022.
• Credits related to eligible refurbishment costs incurred once the project is operating would be calculated based on the average of the expected eligible use ratio for the five-year period (the period) in which they are incurred, and each subsequent period (i.e., the periods over which they contribute to the useful life of the project).

These measures would apply to eligible expenses incurred after 2021 and before 2041.

Labour Requirements Related to Certain Investment Tax Credits

Budget 2023 proposes to implement the government’s intention to attach prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements to the proposed clean electricity, clean technology and clean hydrogen investment tax credits. In general, the rates available for these credits will be reduced by 10% if the following labour two requirements are not met.

• Wage requirement – Businesses would need to ensure that all covered workers are compensated at a level that meets or exceeds the relevant wage, plus the substantially similar monetary value of benefits and pension contributions (converted into an hourly wage format), as specified in an “eligible collective agreement.”
• Apprenticeship requirement – Businesses would need to ensure that for a given taxation year, not less than 10% of the total labour hours performed by covered workers engaged in subsidised project elements be performed by registered apprentices. Covered workers are those whose duties correspond to those performed by a journeyperson in a Red Seal trade.

The requirements would apply to work performed on or after October 1, 2023. Budget 2023 also indicated that labour requirements are intended to apply to the investment tax credit for carbon capture, utilization, and storage, with details to be announced at a later date.

Clean Technology Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit

Budget 2023 proposes to introduce a 30% refundable investment tax credit for clean technology manufacturing and processing, and critical mineral extraction and processing, on the capital cost of eligible property associated with eligible activities, including:

• extraction, processing, or recycling of critical minerals essential for clean technology supply chains, specifically: lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, copper, and rare earth elements;
• manufacturing of renewable or nuclear energy equipment;
• processing or recycling of nuclear fuels and heavy water;
• manufacturing of grid-scale electrical energy storage equipment;
• manufacturing of zero-emission vehicles; and,
• manufacturing or processing of certain upstream components and materials for the above activities, such as cathode materials and batteries used in electric vehicles.

The credit would apply to property that is acquired and becomes available for use on or after January 1, 2024. The credit would be gradually phased out, starting with property that becomes available for use in 2032 and would no longer be in effect for property that becomes available for use after 2034.

Interaction of Clean Energy Investment Tax Credits

For a particular property, businesses would be able to claim only the investment tax credits for carbon capture, utilization and storage; clean technologies; clean electricity; or clean technology manufacturing. However, multiple tax credits could be available for the same project if the project includes different types of eligible property.

Zero-Emission Technology Manufacturers

In 2021, the corporate income tax rate for qualifying zero-emission technology manufacturers was reduced by 50%. Budget 2023 proposes to expand eligible activities to include the following nuclear manufacturing and processing activities:

• manufacturing of nuclear energy equipment;
• processing or recycling of nuclear fuels and heavy water; and
• manufacturing of nuclear fuel rods.

This expansion would apply for taxation years beginning after 2023.

Budget 2023 proposes to extend the availability of these reduced rates by three years, such that the planned phase-out would start in taxation years that begin in 2032. The measure would be fully phased out for taxation years that begin after 2034.

Tax on Repurchases of Equity

The 2022 Fall Economic Statement announced the government’s intention to introduce a 2% tax on the net value of all types of share repurchases by public corporations in Canada. Budget 2023 provides the design and implementation details of the proposed measure. The tax would apply only to public corporations (Canadian-resident corporations whose shares are listed on a designated stock exchange).

It would not apply to mutual fund corporations, but would apply to real estate investment trusts, specified investment flow-through (SIFT) trusts and SIFT partnerships if they have units listed on a designated stock exchange.

The proposed tax would apply in respect of repurchases and issuances of equity that occur on or after January 1, 2024.

General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR)

The GAAR in the Income Tax Act is intended to prevent abusive tax avoidance transactions while not interfering with legitimate commercial and family transactions. If abusive tax avoidance is established, the GAAR applies to deny the tax benefit created by the abusive transaction.

A consultation on various approaches to modernizing and strengthening the GAAR has recently been conducted. A consultation paper released last August identified a number of issues with the GAAR and set out potential ways to address them. As part of the consultation, the government received a number of submissions, representing a wide variety of viewpoints.

Preamble

A preamble would be added to the GAAR, in order to help address interpretive issues and ensure that the GAAR applies as intended. While the GAAR informs the interpretation of, and applies to, every other provision of the Income Tax Act, it fundamentally denies tax benefits sought to be obtained through abusive tax avoidance transactions. It in effect draws a line: while taxpayers are free to arrange their affairs so as to obtain tax benefits intended by Parliament, they cannot misuse or abuse the tax rules to obtain unintended benefits. The preamble would also clarify that the GAAR is intended to apply regardless of whether or not the tax planning strategy used to obtain the tax benefit was foreseen.

Avoidance Transaction

The threshold for an “avoidance transaction” potentially subject to the GAAR would be reduced from a “primary purpose” test to a “one of the main purposes” test. This is consistent with the standard used in many modern anti-avoidance rules in other countries and is considered by the government to strike a reasonable balance, as it would apply to transactions with a significant tax avoidance purpose but not to transactions where tax was simply a consideration.

Economic Substance

A rule would be added to the GAAR to better meet the objective of requiring economic substance in addition to literal compliance with the words of the Income Tax Act. Currently, Supreme Court of Canada jurisprudence has established a more limited role for economic substance.

The proposed amendments would provide that economic substance is to be considered at the ‘misuse or abuse’ stage of the GAAR analysis and that a lack of economic substance tends to indicate abusive tax avoidance. A lack of economic substance will not always mean that a transaction is abusive. It would still be necessary to determine the object, spirit and purpose of the provisions or scheme relied upon, in line with existing GAAR jurisprudence. In cases where the tax results sought are consistent with the purpose of the provisions or scheme relied upon, abusive tax avoidance would not be found even in cases lacking economic substance.

The amendments would provide indicators for determining whether a transaction or series of transactions lacks economic substance. These are not an exhaustive list of factors that might be relevant and different indicators might be relevant in different cases. However, in many cases, the government believes that the existence of one or more of these indicators would strongly point to a transaction lacking economic substance. These indicators are:

1. whether there is the potential for pre-tax profit;
2. whether the transaction has resulted in a change of economic position; and
3. whether the transaction is entirely (or almost entirely) tax motivated.

Budget 2023 provided the example of an individual contributing to a tax-free savings account. Such a transfer could be considered to be entirely tax motivated, with no change in economic position or potential for profit other than as a result of tax savings. Even if the transfer is considered to be lacking in economic substance, it is clearly not a misuse or abuse of the relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act. The individual is using their tax-free savings account in precisely the manner that Parliament intended. There are contribution rules that specifically contemplate such a transfer and, perhaps more fundamentally, the basic tax-free savings account rules would not work if such a transfer was considered abusive.

The proposal would not supplant the general approach under Canadian income tax law, which focuses on the legal form of an arrangement. In particular, it would not require an enquiry into what the economic substance of a transaction actually is (e.g., whether a particular financial instrument is, in substance, debt or equity). Rather, it would require consideration of a lack of economic substance in the determination of abusive tax avoidance.

Penalty

A penalty would be introduced for transactions subject to the GAAR, equal to 25% of the amount of the tax benefit. Where the tax benefit involves a tax attribute that has not yet been used to reduce tax, the amount of the tax benefit would be considered to be nil. The penalty could be avoided if the transaction is disclosed to CRA, either as part of mandatory disclosure rules which are currently proposed or voluntarily.

Reassessment Period

A three-year extension to the normal reassessment period would be provided for GAAR assessments, unless the transaction had been disclosed to CRA as discussed above.

Consultation

Budget 2023 announced a consultation on these proposals to close on May 31, 2023. Following this consultation, the government intends to publish revised legislative proposals and announce the application date of the amendments.

Dividends Received Deduction by Financial Institutions

Corporations are able to deduct dividends received on shares of other corporations resident in Canada in computing their taxable income, preventing the same earnings being subject to multiple levels of corporate taxation. The government considers this treatment inconsistent with the mark-to-market rules that essentially classify gains on portfolio shares held by banks as business income. Budget 2023 proposes to deny the dividend deduction in respect of dividends received by financial institutions on shares that are mark-to-market property, effective for dividends received after 2023.

Income Tax and GST/HST Treatment of Credit Unions

A credit union (as defined for income tax and GST purposes) benefits from a GST/HST rule allowing it to receive most taxable supplies of goods and services from credit union centrals and other credit unions on an exempt basis. The definition prevents a credit union that earns more than 10% of its revenue from sources other than certain specified sources (such as interest income from lending activities) from meeting the definition of “credit union,” and qualifying for the special income tax and GST/HST rules governing credit unions. This could arise even though the credit union’s governing legislation permits it to earn revenue from these other sources. Most credit unions are currently full-service financial institutions that offer a comprehensive suite of financial products and services. Budget 2023 proposes to eliminate the revenue test from the definition of “credit union” and amend that definition to accommodate how credit unions currently operate, effective for taxation years ending after 2016.

C. International Measures

International Tax Reform – Base Erosion and Profit Shifting

Canada is one of 137 members of the OECD/Group of 20 (G20) Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the Inclusive Framework) that have joined a two-pillar plan for international tax reform agreed to on October 8, 2021. Budget 2023 reiterates Canada’s commitment to the framework, and its intention to implement the Pillar One (intended to reallocate a portion of taxing rights over the profits of the largest and most profitable multinational enterprises to market countries where their users and customers are located) and Pillar Two (intended to ensure that the profits of large multinational enterprises are subject to an effective tax rate of at least 15%, regardless of where they are earned) initiatives.

Budget 2023 announces the government’s intention to introduce legislation implementing the income inclusion rule and a domestic minimum top-up tax applicable to Canadian entities of MNEs that are within scope of Pillar Two, with effect for fiscal years of MNEs that begin on or after December 31, 2023.

D. Sales and Excise Tax

Alcohol Excise

Alcohol excise duties are automatically indexed to total Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation at the beginning of each fiscal year (i.e., on April 1st). Budget 2023 proposes to temporarily cap the inflation adjustment for excise duties on beer, spirits and wine at 2%, for one year only, as of April 1, 2023.

Cannabis Taxation – Quarterly Duty Remittances

Excise duties are imposed on cannabis products, and are generally remittable on a monthly basis. Budget 2022 brought forward a measure that allowed certain smaller licensed cannabis producers to remit excise duties on a quarterly basis. Budget 2023 proposes to allow all licensed cannabis producers to remit excise duties on a quarterly rather than monthly basis, starting from the quarter beginning on April 1, 2023.

Air Travellers Security Charge

The Air Travellers Security charge (ATSC) is generally paid by passengers when they purchase airline tickets. Budget 2023 proposes to increase ATSC rates by 32.85%, noting that these rates were last increased in 2010, at which time they were raised by 52.4%.

The proposed new ATSC rates will apply to air transportation services that include a chargeable emplanement on or after May 1, 2024, for which any payment is made on or after that date. The charge for a domestic one-way flight will rise from $7.48 to $9.94. The transborder charge will increase from $12.71 to $16.89, and the charge for other international travel will increase from $25.91 to $34.42. These rates include the GST or federal portion of HST.

E. Other Measures

Small Business Credit Card Fees

Budget 2023 announced that commitments had been obtained from Visa and Mastercard to lower fees for small businesses. More than 90% of credit card-accepting businesses are expected to see their fees reduced by up to 27%.

Automatic Tax Filing for Low-income Canadians

Budget 2023 announced that the number of Canadians eligible for CRA’s automatic File My Return service will be increased to 2 million by 2025, almost tripling the number of currently eligible Canadians. In 2022, 53,000 returns were filed using this service. In addition, a new pilot project will be implemented to assist vulnerable Canadians in applying for benefits even if they do not file tax returns.

Student Benefits

Budget 2023 proposes increasing Canada student grants by 40%, raising the interest-free Canada student loan limit from $210 to $300 per study week, and waiving the requirement for mature students (aged 22 or older) to undergo credit screening in order to qualify.

Dental Care for Canadians

The Canadian dental care plan would provide coverage for all uninsured Canadians with an annual family income of less than $90,000 (the Canada dental benefit only provided benefits for children under 12) by the end of 2023. The plan will be administered by Health Canada with support from a third-party benefits administrator. Benefits are reduced for families with income between $70,000 and $90,000.

Protecting Federally Regulated Gig Workers

Budget 2023 proposes to amend the Canada Labour Code to strengthen prohibitions against employee misclassification for federally regulated gig workers such that they will receive protections and benefits including EI and CPP.

Ensuring the Integrity of Emergency COVID-19 Benefits

Budget 2023 proposes to provide $53.8 million in 2022-23 to Employment and Social Development Canada to support integrity activities relating to overpayments of COVID-19 emergency income supports.

F. Previously Announced Measures

Budget 2023 confirms the government’s intention to proceed with the following previously announced tax and related measures, as modified to take into account consultations and deliberations since their release.

• Legislative proposals released on November 3, 2022 with respect to Excessive Interest and Financing Expenses Limitations and Reporting Rules for Digital Platform Operators.
• Tax measures announced in the Fall Economic Statement on November 3, 2022, for which legislative proposals have not yet been released, including: automatic advance for the Canada workers benefit; investment tax credit for clean technologies; and extension of the residential property flipping rule to assignment sales.
• Legislative proposals released on August 9, 2022, including with respect to the following measures:
  • borrowing by defined benefit pension plans;
  • reporting requirements for Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs) and Registered Retirement Income Funds (RRIFs);
  • fixing contribution errors in defined contribution pension plans;
  • the investment tax credit for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage;
  • hedging and short selling by Canadian financial institutions;
  • substantive Canadian-controlled private corporations;
  • mandatory disclosure rules;
  • the electronic filing and certification of tax and information returns;
  • Canadian forces members and veterans amounts;
  • other technical amendments to the Income Tax Act and Income Tax Regulations proposed in the August 9th release; and
  • remaining legislative and regulatory proposals relating to the Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax, excise levies and other taxes and charges announced in the August 9th release.
• Legislative proposals released on April 29, 2022 with respect to hybrid mismatch arrangements.
• Legislative proposals released on February 4, 2022 with respect to the Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax treatment of cryptoasset mining.
• Legislative proposals tabled in a Notice of Ways and Means Motion on December 14, 2021 to introduce the Digital Services Tax Act.
• The transfer pricing consultation announced in Budget 2021.
• The income tax measure announced on December 20, 2019 to extend the maturation period of amateur athletes trusts maturing in 2019 by one year, from eight years to nine years.
• Measures confirmed in Budget 2016 relating to the Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax joint venture election.

Legal Notice

The preceding information is for educational purposes only. As it is impossible to include all situations, circumstances and exceptions in a newsletter such as this, a further review should be done by a qualified professional.

No individual or organization involved in either the preparation or distribution of this letter accepts any contractual, tortious, or any other form of liability for its contents or for any consequences arising from its use.

On April 7, 2022, the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, the Honourable Chrystia Freeland, presented Budget 2022: A Plan to Grow Our Economy and Make Life More Affordable, to the House of Commons.

No changes were made to personal or corporate tax rates, nor to the inclusion rate on taxable capital gains. Some highlights include:

• Personal Measures
  • Several proposals target housing affordability. A Tax-Free First Home Savings Account and a refundable Multigenerational Home Renovation Tax Credit will be introduced. Existing home-related tax credits will also be enhanced.
  • Residential real estate sales within a year of purchase will generally be fully taxable, not capital gains and not eligible for the principal residence exemption.
• Business Measures
  • Access to the small business deduction will be enhanced for corporations with taxable capital between $10 million and $50 million.
  • Anti-avoidance measures targeting private corporations attempting to avoid the refundable tax regime for investment income will be introduced.
  • Tax benefits for flow-through shares will be enhanced for critical mineral exploration and removed for oil, gas and coal.
• International Measures
  • Digital platform operators will be required to disclose details of the activities of Canadian participants in the digital economy.
• Sales and Excise Tax
  • All new residential property assignment sales will be subject to GST/HST.
  • An excise tax regime will be introduced for vaping products.
• Retirement Plans
  • The fair market value of RRSP and RRIF assets will be provided to CRA annually.
• Charities Measures
  • The disbursement quota will be increased for many charities.
  • New rules will be introduced to allow charities to work with other organizations to fulfill their charitable objectives.
• Previously Announced Measures
  • Intention to proceed with previously announced measures, such as the immediate expensing CCA provisions, the luxury tax, requirements for electronic interaction with CRA and a full review of the employment insurance system.

The Numbers

The Government’s fiscal position includes the following projected surplus/deficit:

A. Personal Measures

Tax-Free First Home Savings Account (FHSA)

Budget 2022 proposes to create the tax-free FHSA to help first-time home buyers save up to $40,000 for their first home. Contributions to an FHSA would be deductible (like an RRSP), and income earned in an FHSA and qualifying withdrawals from an FHSA made to purchase a first home would be non-taxable (like a TFSA).

The lifetime limit on contributions would be $40,000, subject to an annual contribution limit of $8,000. Unused annual contribution room would not be carried forward. Individuals would also be allowed to transfer funds from an RRSP to an FHSA tax-free, subject to the $40,000 lifetime and $8,000 annual contribution limits.

Withdrawals for purposes other than to purchase a first home would be taxable. However, an individual could transfer funds from an FHSA to an RRSP (at any time before the year they turn 71) or a RRIF on a non-taxable basis. Transfers would not reduce, or be limited by, the individual’s available RRSP room. Withdrawals and transfers would not replenish FHSA contribution limits. Individuals would not be permitted to make both an FHSA withdrawal and a home buyers’ plan withdrawal in respect of the same qualifying home purchase.

If an individual has not used the funds in their FHSA for a qualifying first home purchase within 15 years of opening an FHSA, their FHSA would have to be closed. Any unused funds could be transferred into an RRSP or RRIF or would otherwise have to be withdrawn on a taxable basis.

Eligibility

Individuals eligible to open an FHSA must be at least 18 years of age and resident in Canada. In addition, they must not have lived in a home that they or their spouse owned at any time in the year the account was opened or the preceding four calendar years.

Effective Date

The government would work with financial institutions to allow individuals to open an FHSA and start contributing in 2023.

Home Buyers’ Tax Credit

First-time home buyers can obtain up to $750 in tax relief as a non-refundable tax credit by claiming this credit. Budget 2022 proposes to double the Home Buyers’ Tax Credit amount, such that tax relief of up to $1,500 can be accessed by eligible home buyers. This measure would apply to acquisitions of a qualifying home made on or after January 1, 2022.

Home Accessibility Tax Credit

The Home Accessibility Tax Credit is a non-refundable tax credit that provides relief of up to $1,500 on eligible home renovations (15% of expenses of up to $10,000) to make the dwelling more accessible to seniors or those eligible for the Disability Tax Credit that reside in the property. Budget 2022 proposes to double the annual expense limit to $20,000, such that the maximum non-refundable tax credit would be $3,000. This measure would apply to expenses incurred in the 2022 and subsequent taxation years.

Multigenerational Home Renovation Tax Credit

Budget 2022 proposes a new refundable tax credit to support constructing a secondary suite for an eligible person to live with a qualifying relation. An eligible person would be a senior (65+ years of age at the end of the tax year when the renovation was completed) or an adult (18+ years of age) eligible for the disability tax credit. A qualifying relation would be 18+ years of age and a parent, grandparent, child, grandchild, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, niece or nephew of the eligible person (which includes the spouse or common-law partner of one of those individuals).

This tax credit would provide tax relief of 15% on up to $50,000 of eligible expenditures, providing a maximum benefit of $7,500.

Qualifying Renovation

The renovation must allow the eligible person to live with the qualifying relation by establishing a secondary unit (which must have a private entrance, kitchen, bathroom facilities and sleeping area). The secondary unit could be newly constructed or created from an existing living space that did not already meet the requirements to be a secondary unit. Relevant building permits for establishing a secondary unit must be obtained, and renovations must be completed in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction in which the eligible dwelling is located.

One qualifying renovation would be permitted to be claimed in respect of an eligible person over their lifetime.

The credit would be claimed in the year that the qualifying renovation passes a final inspection, or proof of completion of the project according to all legal requirements of the jurisdiction in which the renovation was undertaken is otherwise obtained.

Eligible Expenses

Eligible expenses would include the cost of labour and professional services, building materials, fixtures, equipment rentals and permits. Items such as furniture and items that retain a value independent of the renovation (such as construction equipment and tools) would not qualify for the credit.

Goods or services provided by a person not dealing at arm’s length with the claimant would not be eligible unless that person is registered for GST/HST. All expenses must be supported by receipts.

Expenses would not be eligible for this credit if claimed as a medical expense tax credit and/or home accessibility tax credit.

Eligible Claimants

The credit may be claimed by the eligible person, their spouse, or a qualifying relation that resides in or intends to reside in the dwelling within 12 months of the renovation. A qualifying relation that owns the dwelling can also make a claim.

Where one or more eligible claimants claim in respect of a qualifying renovation, the total of all amounts claimed for the renovation must not exceed $50,000.

Eligible Dwelling

An eligible dwelling must be owned by the eligible person, their spouse, or a qualifying relation. Within twelve months of the renovation, the eligible person and the qualifying relation must also ordinarily reside or intend to reside in the property.

Effective Date

This measure would apply for the 2023 and subsequent taxation years, in respect of work performed and paid for and/or goods acquired on or after January 1, 2023.

Residential Property Flipping Rule

The government is concerned that taxpayers are inappropriately reporting gains on the disposition of real estate acquired for resale at a profit. In these cases, the profit is fully taxable as business income (100% taxed), and not a capital gain (50% taxed, and potentially eligible for the principal residence exemption).

Budget 2022 proposes to introduce a new rule that all gains arising from dispositions of residential property (including a rental property) that was owned for less than 12 months would be business income.

The new deeming rule would not apply if the disposition related to one of the life events listed below:

• Death: due to, or in anticipation of, the death of the taxpayer or a related person;
• Household addition: due to, or in anticipation of, a related person joining the taxpayer’s household or the taxpayer joining a related person’s household (e.g. birth of a child, adoption, care of an elderly parent);
• Separation: due to the breakdown of a marriage or common-law partnership;
• Personal safety: due to a threat to the personal safety of the taxpayer or a related person, such as the threat of domestic violence;
• Disability or illness: due to a taxpayer or a related person suffering from a serious disability or illness;
• Employment change: for the taxpayer or their spouse or common-law partner to work at a new location or due to an involuntary termination of employment. In the case of work at a new location, the taxpayer’s new home must be at least 40 kms closer to the new work location;
• Insolvency: due to insolvency or to avoid insolvency; and
• Involuntary disposition: a disposition against someone’s will, for example, due to expropriation or the destruction or condemnation of the taxpayer’s residence due to a natural or man-made disaster.

Properties held for more than 12 months, or meeting one of the exceptions noted above, would continue to generate either business income or a capital gain on the disposition, depending on whether the property was acquired for the purpose of resale at a profit (business income) or was acquired for some other purpose (capital gain). While this measure was reflected as a “personal income tax measure,” it is unclear whether the deeming rule will also apply to corporations and other taxpayers.

The measure would apply in respect of residential properties sold on or after January 1, 2023. The government indicates that there will be a consultation when the legislation is drafted.

Labour Mobility Deduction for Tradespeople

Budget 2022 proposes a deduction of up to $4,000/year to recognize certain travel and relocation expenses of workers in the construction industry.

An eligible individual would be a tradesperson or an apprentice who temporarily relocates to enable them to obtain or maintain employment under which the duties performed are temporary in a construction activity at a particular work location. Prior to the relocation, they must also ordinarily reside in Canada, and during the relocation period, at temporary lodging in Canada near that work location.

The temporary lodging must be at least 150 kms closer than the ordinary residence to the particular work location. The particular work location must be located in Canada, and the temporary relocation must be for at least 36 hours. Eligible expenses would include reasonable amounts for:

• temporary lodging for the eligible individual near the particular work location; and
• transportation and meals for the individual for one round trip between the temporary lodging and where the individual ordinarily resides.

The maximum deduction would be capped at 50% of the worker’s employment income from construction activities at the particular work location in the year. Amounts could be claimed in the tax year before or after the year they were incurred, provided they were not deductible in a prior year.

The individual’s ordinary residence must remain available to them during the period that they are in the temporary lodging.

Expenses for which the individual received non-taxable financial assistance could not be claimed. Amounts claimed under this deduction would not be eligible under the existing moving expense deduction and vice versa.

This measure would apply to the 2022 and subsequent taxation years.

Medical Expense Tax Credit (METC) for Surrogacy and Other Expenses

Budget 2022 proposes to expand access to the METC in cases where an individual relies on a surrogate or a donor to become a parent. Medical expenses paid by the taxpayer, or the taxpayer’s spouse or common-law partner, with respect to a surrogate mother or donor would be eligible for the METC, whereas previously they would generally not have been eligible. For example, expenses paid by the intended parent to a fertility clinic for an in vitro fertilization procedure with respect to a surrogate mother or for hormone medication for an ova donor would be eligible for the METC.

Budget 2022 proposes to allow reimbursements paid by the taxpayer to a patient to be eligible for the METC, provided that the reimbursement is for an expense that would generally qualify under the credit. For example, the METC could be available for reimbursements paid by the taxpayer for expenses incurred by a surrogate mother with respect to an in vitro fertilization procedure or prescription medication related to their pregnancy.

Budget 2022 also proposes to allow fees paid to fertility clinics and donor banks to obtain donor sperm or ova to be eligible under the METC. Such expenses would be eligible where the sperm or ova are acquired for use by an individual to become a parent.

All expenses claimed under the METC would be required to be incurred in Canada and in accordance with the Assisted Human Reproduction Act and associated regulations.

These measures would apply to expenses incurred in the 2022 and subsequent taxation years.

Amendments to the Children’s Special Allowances Act and to the Income Tax Act

Budget 2022 proposes several amendments to ensure that the Children’s Special Allowance, the Canada Child Benefit and the Canada Workers Benefit amount for families are appropriately directed in situations involving Indigenous governing bodies. These measures would be retroactive to 2020.

Other Personal Measures

Budget 2022 also proposes a number of measures for individuals for which few details were provided, including the following:

• Dental care would be funded, starting for children under age 12 in 2022, expanding to children under age 18, seniors and disabled individuals in 2023, with full implementation by 2025. Full coverage would be provided for families with under $70,000 of annual income and no coverage would be provided for families with income of $90,000 or more.
• The government intends to continue working towards a universal national pharmacare program, including tabling a Canada Pharmacare bill and working to have it passed by the end of 2023.
• A one-time $500 payment would be made to those facing housing affordability challenges. Timing, eligibility and delivery method are to be announced at a later date.
• The Incentives for Zero-Emission Vehicles program that has offered purchase incentives of up to $5,000 for eligible vehicles since 2019 would be extended until March 2025. Eligibility would be broadened to include more vehicle models, including more vans, trucks and SUVs. Further details will be announced by Transport Canada in the coming weeks.
• Budget 2022 announces the government’s commitment to examine a new alternative minimum tax regime, with details on a proposed approach to be released in the 2022 fall economic and fiscal update.

B. Business Measures

Small Business Deduction

Canadian-controlled private corporations (CCPCs) benefit from the small business deduction (SBD), a reduced corporate tax rate on active business income from the 15% general rate to 9% federally. Each province also has an SBD regime. A “business limit” of $500,000 of annual income (shared between associated corporations) limits eligibility to the SBD federally, and in all provinces except Saskatchewan, which has a $600,000 provincial business limit.

The business limit is reduced for corporations or associated groups which have “taxable capital” in excess of $10 million, with the business limit reduced by $1 for every additional $10 of taxable capital over the $10 million threshold, until it is eliminated where taxable capital equals or exceeds $15 million.

Budget 2022 proposes to reduce the business limit by $1 for every $80 of taxable capital in excess of $10 million, such that the limit will be more gradually reduced, and only eliminated where taxable capital equals or exceeds $50 million. This measure is proposed to apply for corporate taxation years beginning on or after April 7, 2022.

No changes are proposed to the parallel reduction to the business limit where adjusted aggregate investment income exceeds $50,000.

Anti-Avoidance Measures – Corporate Investment Income

In addition to being ineligible for the SBD, investment income (such as interest, royalties, rent and taxable capital gains) earned by CCPCs is subject to a significantly higher corporate tax rate of 38 2/3% (plus provincial tax which, in most provinces, results in a combined tax rate of over 50%). A similar regime (Part IV Tax) applies to portfolio dividends received by CCPCs. This is intended to result in corporate taxes similar to the top personal tax rates.

A portion of this tax is refundable when taxable dividends are paid by the corporation to its shareholders, so that the combined corporate taxes after this refund and personal tax paid by the ultimate individual shareholders is comparable to the tax that would have been paid if the investments had been made personally, rather than corporately.

As these special rules apply only to CCPCs, some planning strategies have been developed where corporations are structured to fall outside CCPC status. These include the use of corporations governed by a foreign country’s corporate legislation, or the issuance of options or voting shares to non-Canadians. A number of taxpayers who have implemented such strategies have been challenged by CRA, with appeals to be heard by the Tax Court of Canada, however such challenges are both time-consuming and costly for the government.

Budget 2022 proposes that private corporations which are not CCPCs, but are factually controlled by one or more Canadian persons, be subject to the same investment income rules as a CCPC. An anti-avoidance rule will also apply this treatment to any corporation falling outside the technical rules, where it is reasonable to consider that one or more transactions were undertaken to avoid these rules. This measure will generally apply to taxation years that end on or after April 7, 2022, with possible deferral where an arm’s length sale pursuant to a written purchase and sale agreement was entered into prior to that date.

Intergenerational Business Transfers

A complex anti-avoidance rule prevents the sale of shares of closely-held corporations by individual shareholders to related corporations from resulting in capital gains, instead causing the seller to realize dividends. In addition to attracting higher taxes than capital gains, dividends are not eligible for the lifetime capital gains exemption (LCGE).

This provision has been a source of frustration for business owners wishing to transition a family business to the next generation, denying them access to the LCGE which would have been available on a similar sale to unrelated parties. On June 29, 2021, legislation (Bill C-208) exempting sales of shares of small business corporations or family farm or fishing corporations from parents to corporations controlled by their children from this provision, allowing the realization of capital gains potentially eligible for the LCGE, was passed into law.

The government had indicated that they were concerned that this legislation could permit transfers beyond genuine intergenerational business successions to benefit from this lower tax cost, a practice commonly referred to as “surplus stripping,” and that further amendments would be made to limit these transactions to their intended purpose.

Budget 2022 reiterates the government’s intention to amend the legislation to restrict these transactions to genuine intergenerational business transfers, while continuing to facilitate legitimate business successions. It announces a consultation by the Department of Finance, with specific mention of the agriculture sector, to close on June 17, 2022. Comments can be sent to intergenerational-transfers-transfertsintergenerationnels@fin.gc.ca. The government indicated that amending legislation would be included in a bill to be tabled in the fall after the conclusion of the consultation process.

Flow-through Shares

Flow-through share agreements allow corporations to renounce or “flow through” specified expenses to investors, who can deduct the expenses in calculating their taxable income. These are common in the resource sector, where they allow certain resource pools to be claimed by investors, rather than the corporations incurring the costs. A Mineral Exploration Tax Credit equal to 15% of specified mineral exploration expenses incurred in Canada and renounced to flow-through share investors also applies to some flow-through shares.

Increased Credit for Critical Minerals

Budget 2022 proposes to introduce a new 30% Critical Mineral Exploration Tax Credit for specified minerals, specifically copper, nickel, lithium, cobalt, graphite, rare earth elements, scandium, titanium, gallium, vanadium, tellurium, magnesium, zinc, platinum group metals and uranium. These minerals are used in the production of batteries and permanent magnets, both of which are used in zero-emission vehicles, or are necessary in the production and processing of advanced materials, clean technology, or semi-conductors. This will effectively double the credit for exploration expenditures related to such minerals.

This enhanced credit would apply to expenditures renounced under eligible flow-through share agreements entered into after April 7, 2022 and on or before March 31, 2027.

Elimination of Flow-through Shares for Oil, Gas and Coal

Budget 2022 proposes to eliminate the flow-through share regime for oil, gas and coal activities. Such expenditures would not be permitted to be renounced to share purchasers under flow-through share agreements entered into after March 31, 2023.

Other Business Measures

Several business measures proposed in Budget 2022 target specific sectors. These include the following:

• Real Estate
  • Budget 2022 announces a federal review of housing as an asset class, including the examination of potential changes to the tax treatment of large corporate players that invest in residential real estate. Further details on the review will be released later in 2022, with potential early actions to be announced before the end of the year.
  • Budget 2022 announces that anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements will be extended to all businesses conducting mortgage lending in Canada.
• Green Economy
  • Budget 2022 proposes to launch a new purchase incentive program for medium- and heavy-duty Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs). Transport Canada will work with provinces and territories to develop and harmonize regulations and to conduct safety testing for long-haul zero-emission trucks. Natural Resources Canada will expand the Green Freight Assessment Program, which will be renamed the Green Freight Program, to support assessments and retrofits of more vehicles and a greater diversity of fleet and vehicle types.
  • Budget 2022 announces a consultation with experts to establish an investment tax credit of up to 30%, focused on net-zero technologies, battery storage solutions and clean hydrogen. Further details will be announced in the 2022 fall economic and fiscal update.
  • Air-source heat pumps primarily used for space or water heating acquired and becoming available for use on or after April 7, 2022 will be eligible for inclusion in Class 43.1 or 43.2, special accelerated CCA classes for investments in specified clean energy generation and energy conservation equipment. In addition, the manufacturing of such air-source heat pumps will be included in the definition of eligible zero-emission technology manufacturing or processing activities, eligible for reduced federal tax rates (halved rates for taxation years beginning in 2022 to 2028, then gradually increased to the standard rates, with no reduction for years beginning in 2032 or later).
  • A refundable tax credit for the cost of purchasing and installing eligible equipment used in an eligible carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) project will be implemented. Eligible expenses incurred after 2021 until 2030 would benefit from credits ranging from 37.5% to 60%, with expenditures incurred until 2040 eligible for credits at half of these rates. New capital cost allowance classes at rates of 8% and 20% are also proposed for certain CCUS equipment.
• Business Investment Initiatives
  • Budget 2022 proposes to create the Employee Ownership Trust, a new type of trust to support employee ownership. The government will engage with stakeholders to develop rules for these trusts.
  • Budget 2022 proposes the Canada Growth Fund, an independent public investment vehicle that will invest using a broad suite of financial instruments, with the goal that every dollar invested will attract at least three dollars of private capital. Further details will be announced in the 2022 fall economic and fiscal update.
• Encouraging Innovation
  • Budget 2022 announces an independent federal innovation and investment agency, with further consultation later this year. Support delivered through the innovation and investment agency is expected to enable innovation and growth within the Canadian defence sector and boost investments in Canadian defence manufacturing. Further details will be announced in the 2022 fall economic and fiscal update.
  • Budget 2022 announces a review of the Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, to assess its effectiveness in encouraging R&D that benefits Canada, and to explore opportunities to modernize and simplify the program. As part of this review, the government will also consider whether the tax system can encourage the development and retention of intellectual property, including seeking views on the suitability of adopting a patent box regime.
• Financial Sector
  • Budget 2022 announces the government’s intention to launch a financial sector legislative review focused on the digitalization of money and maintaining financial sector stability and security. The first phase of the review will be directed at digital currencies, including cryptocurrencies and stablecoins.
  • A one-time 15% tax on bank and life insurance groups, based on taxable income in excess of $1 billion for taxation years ended in 2021, would be imposed for the 2022 taxation year and payable over five years. For subsequent years, a 1.5% additional tax would apply to income of such corporate groups in excess of $100 million.
  • A new accounting policy requirement, IFRS 17, will require insurers to defer recognition of contract service margins (CSMs) for accounting purposes commencing on January 1, 2023. Budget 2022 proposes that this deferral will not be permitted for income tax purposes. The timing of income inclusions for CSMs for income tax purposes will be set by legislation.
  • Proposed anti-avoidance measures will impact certain hedging and short-selling transactions undertaken by Canadian financial institutions and registered securities dealers.
• Combatting Aggressive Tax Planning
  • Budget 2022 proposes to provide $1.2 billion over five years for CRA to expand audits of larger entities and non-residents engaged in aggressive tax planning; increase both the investigation and prosecution of those engaged in criminal tax evasion; and to expand its educational outreach.
  • The General Anti-avoidance Rule (GAAR) is proposed to be amended to allow CRA to challenge transactions that affect tax attributes (e.g. asset costs, losses carried forward, paid-up capital, capital dividend account) that have not yet become relevant to the computation of tax. This specific measure overrides a 2018 Federal Court of Appeal decision that held that GAAR could only be applied when the tax attribute was utilized to reduce income taxes.

C. International Measures

Digital Platform Operators – Disclosure Requirements

The digital economy (including the sharing and gig economies, and online sellers of goods) continues to grow at a rapid pace. Participants in the digital economy often make use of digital platforms. Many tax authorities are concerned that not all participants are aware of the tax implications of their online activities. In addition, transactions occurring digitally through online platforms may not be visible to tax administrations, making it difficult for CRA to identify non-compliance.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has developed model rules for reporting by digital platform operators with respect to platform sellers which require the platforms to collect and report relevant information to tax administrations. The model rules provide for the sharing of information between tax administrations so that an online platform would generally need to report the information to only one jurisdiction, and that jurisdiction would then share the information with partner jurisdictions based on the residence of each person earning revenue through the platform. Jurisdictions which have announced their intention to implement such a framework include the European Union, the United Kingdom and Australia.

Budget 2022 proposes to implement the model rules in Canada. They would require reporting platform operators that provide support to reportable sellers for relevant activities to determine the jurisdiction of residence of their reportable sellers and report certain information on them. Reporting platform operators would be entities that make software that runs a platform available for the sellers to be connected to other users, or to collect compensation through the platform.

The measure would generally apply to platform operators that are resident for tax purposes in Canada, and to platform operators that are not resident in Canada or a partner jurisdiction (one that has implemented similar rules and will share data with CRA on Canadian activity) and that facilitate relevant activities by Canadian residents or with respect to rental of real property located in Canada.

Relevant activities would be sales of goods and relevant services including the following:

• personal services outside of an employment relationship (e.g. transportation and delivery services, manual labour, tutoring, data manipulation and clerical, legal or accounting tasks);
• rental of real property (residential or commercial; parking spaces); and
• rental of means of transportation.

Reporting would not be required in respect of sellers that represent a limited compliance risk, including government entities, publicly listed entities, large providers of hotel accommodation (more than 2,000 per year in respect of a property listing) and, with respect to the sales of goods, sellers who make less than 30 sales a year for a total of not more than 2,000 euro.

Reporting platform operators would be required to provide the required disclosures to CRA by January 31 of the year following the calendar year. CRA would automatically exchange information received on sellers resident in partner jurisdictions. Likewise, CRA would receive information on Canadian sellers from partner jurisdictions. This measure would apply to calendar years beginning after 2023, with the first reporting and exchange of information expected to take place in early 2025 with respect to the 2024 calendar year.

Ban on Residential Real Estate Purchases by Non-residents

The government intends to prohibit foreign commercial enterprises and people who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents from acquiring non-recreational, residential property in Canada for a period of two years. This would not apply to refugees and people authorized to come to Canada while fleeing international crises, certain international students on the path to permanent residency or individuals on work permits who are residing in Canada.

Other International Measures

International Tax Reform – Base Erosion and Profit Shifting

Canada is one of 137 members of the OECD/Group of 20 (G20) Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the Inclusive Framework) that have joined a two-pillar plan for international tax reform agreed to on October 8, 2021. Budget 2022 reiterates Canada’s commitment to the framework, and its intention to implement the Pillar One (intended to reallocate a portion of taxing rights over the profits of the largest and most profitable multinational enterprises to market countries where their users and customers are located) and Pillar Two (intended to ensure that the profits of large multinational enterprises are subject to an effective tax rate of at least 15%, regardless of where they are earned) initiatives.

Budget 2022 sets out the government’s plans for consultation and implementation of these initiatives.

Anti-Avoidance – Interest Stripping

Interest paid from a Canadian resident to a non-arm’s length non-resident is generally subject to a 25% flat withholding tax, reduced under various tax treaties (often to either 10% or 15%; generally to nil where paid to U.S. residents). Budget 2022 proposes measures to address certain arrangements (referred to as interest coupon stripping arrangements) to ensure that this withholding tax is not avoided.

D. Sales and Excise Tax

GST/HST on Assignment Sales by Individuals

An assignment sale in respect of residential housing is a transaction in which a purchaser (an “assignor”) under an agreement of purchase and sale with a builder of a new home sells their rights and obligations under the agreement to another person (an “assignee”). An assignment sale of newly constructed (or substantially renovated) residential real estate made by an individual would generally be taxable if the individual had originally entered into the agreement of purchase and sale with the builder for the primary purpose of selling their interest in the agreement. Where there was another primary purpose, such as residing in the property, the assignment sale would generally be exempt.

To provide greater certainty on the status of assignment sales, Budget 2022 proposes to make all assignment sales in respect of newly constructed or substantially renovated residential housing taxable for GST/HST purposes. As a result, the GST/HST would apply to the total amount paid for a new home by its first occupant. Typically, the consideration for an assignment sale includes an amount attributable to a deposit that had previously been paid to the builder by the assignor. That deposit would already be subject to GST/HST when applied by the builder to the purchase price on closing. Budget 2022 proposes that the amount attributable to the deposit be excluded from the consideration for a taxable assignment sale.

The assignor in respect of a taxable assignment sale would generally be responsible for collecting the GST/HST and remitting the tax to CRA. Where an assignor is non-resident, the assignee would be required to self-assess and pay the GST/HST directly to CRA.

The amount of a new housing rebate is determined based on the total consideration payable for a newly-constructed home, which would include the consideration for a taxable assignment sale. Accordingly, these changes may affect the amount of a New Housing Rebate that may be available in respect of a new home.

This measure would apply in respect of any assignment agreement entered into on or after May 7, 2022 (one month after Budget Day).

GST/HST Health Care Rebate

Hospitals can claim an 83% rebate and charities and non-profit organizations can claim a 50% rebate of the GST (or federal component of the HST) that they pay on inputs used in their exempt supplies. The 83% hospital rebate also applies to eligible charities and non-profit organizations that provide health care services similar to those traditionally performed in hospitals.

One of the conditions to be eligible for the expanded hospital rebate is that a charity or non-profit organization must deliver the health care service with the active involvement of, or on the recommendation of, a physician, or in a geographically remote community, with the active involvement of a nurse practitioner.

Budget 2022 proposes to allow the 83% hospital rebate to a charity or non-profit organization that delivers health care service with the active involvement of, or on the recommendation of, either a physician or a nurse practitioner, irrespective of their geographical location.

This measure would generally apply to rebate claim periods ending after April 7, 2022 in respect of GST/HST paid or payable after that date.

Excise Tax on Vaping Products

Budget 2021 announced a consultation on a new excise duty on vaping products. Budget 2022 sets out a taxation framework on vaping products that include either liquid or solid vaping substances (whether or not they contain nicotine), with an equivalency of 1 ml of liquid = 1 gram of solids (excluding those already subject to the cannabis excise duty framework).

A federal excise duty rate of $1 per 2 ml, or fraction thereof, is proposed for the first 10 ml of vaping substance, and $1 per 10 ml, or fraction thereof, for volumes beyond that. If a province or territory were to choose to participate in a coordinated vaping taxation regime administered by the federal government as set out in the budget documents, an additional duty rate would be imposed in respect of dutiable vaping products intended for sale in that participating jurisdiction.

Other Excise Tax Measures

Excise Duty Framework

Budget 2022 proposes several amendments to streamline, strengthen, and adapt the cannabis excise duty framework specifically, as well as other excise regimes, including the following:

• allow licensed cannabis producers to remit excise duties on a quarterly rather than monthly basis, starting from the quarter that began on April 1, 2022 where the licensee’s required excise duty remittances for the four immediately preceding fiscal quarters were less than $1M in excise duties during the four fiscal quarters;
• allow CRA to approve certain contract-for-service arrangements between two licensed cannabis producers to permit the producers to:
  • transfer stamps, and packaged but unstamped products, between them;
  • stamp and enter cannabis products into the retail market that have been packaged by the other producer; and
  • pay the excise duty on cannabis products that were stamped by the other producer.
• amend the penalty provision for lost cannabis excise stamps so that the higher penalty for losing stamps for a province or territory would only apply where the adjustment rate for that jurisdiction is greater than 0%;
• apply the existing cannabis penalty provisions to situations where unlicensed parties illegally possess or purchase cannabis products, and where licensed parties illegally distribute cannabis products;
• exempt holders of a Health Canada-issue Research Licence or Cannabis Drug Licence from the requirement to be licensed under the excise duty regime;
• in respect of spirits, wine, tobacco and cannabis products:
  • add all cancellation criteria for an excise licence, other than a proactive request by a licensee to cancel its licence, to the criteria that CRA may use to suspend an excise licence;
  • remove cash and transferable bonds issued by the Government of Canada, and add bank drafts and Canada Post money orders, to the types of financial security that could be accepted by CRA; and
  • confirm the ability of CRA to carry out virtual audits and reviews of all licensees.

Except where indicated otherwise, the above proposals would be effective only on Royal Assent.

100% Canadian Wine Exemption

Wine that is produced in Canada and composed wholly of agricultural or plant product grown in Canada (i.e. 100% Canadian wine) is presently exempt from excise duties. However, this exemption was challenged at the World Trade Organization (WTO). In accordance with a settlement reached in July 2020, Budget 2022 proposes to repeal the 100% Canadian wine excise duty exemption effective on June 30, 2022.

Low-alcohol Beer

At present, wine and spirits containing no more than 0.5% alcohol by volume (ABV) are exempt from federal excise duty, however beer containing no more than 0.5% ABV is subject to duty. Budget 2022 proposes to eliminate excise duty for beer containing no more than 0.5% ABV, bringing the tax treatment of such beer into line with the treatment of wine and spirits with the same alcohol content. This measure would come into force on July 1, 2022.

E. Retirement Plans

Borrowing by Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Budget 2022 proposes to provide more borrowing flexibility to administrators of defined benefit registered pension plans (other than individual pension plans) for amounts borrowed on or after April 7, 2022.

Reporting Requirements for RRSPs and RRIFs

Budget 2022 proposes to require financial institutions to annually report to CRA the total fair market value of property held in each RRSP and RRIF at the end of the calendar year. This information would assist CRA in its risk-assessment activities regarding qualified investments held by RRSPs and RRIFs. This measure would apply to the 2023 and subsequent taxation years.

F. Charities Measures

Annual Disbursement Quota for Registered Charities

Registered charities are generally required to expend a minimum amount each year for charitable purposes, referred to as the disbursement quota (DQ). Presently, the DQ is set at 3.5% of property not used directly in charitable activities or administration.

Budget 2022 proposes to increase the DQ rate from 3.5% to 5% for the portion of property not used in charitable activities or administration that exceeds $1 million. Budget 2022 also proposes to clarify that expenditures for administration and management are not considered qualifying expenditures to satisfy a charity’s DQ.

Where a charity cannot meet its DQ, it may apply to CRA and request relief. Budget 2022 proposes to amend the existing rule such that CRA will have the discretion to reduce a charity’s DQ obligation for any particular tax year. It also proposes to allow CRA to publicly disclose information relating to such a decision to provide relief.

These measures would apply to charities in respect of their fiscal periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023.

Charitable Partnerships

Budget 2022 proposes to allow a charity to provide its resources to organizations that are not qualified donees, provided that these disbursements further the charity’s charitable purposes and the charity ensures that the funds are applied to charitable activities by the grantee.

To be considered a qualifying disbursement, the charity will need to meet mandatory accountability requirements, including, for example:

• conducting a pre-grant inquiry sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that the charity’s resources will be used for the purposes set out in the written agreement, including a review of the identity, past history, practices, activities and areas of expertise of the grantee;
• monitoring the grantee, which would include receiving periodic reports on the use of the charity’s resources, at least annually and taking remedial action as required; and
• publicly disclosing on its annual information return information relating to grants above $5,000.

In addition, Budget 2022 proposes to require charities to, upon request by CRA, take all reasonable steps to obtain receipts, invoices, or other documentary evidence from grantees to demonstrate amounts were spent appropriately.

Finally, Budget 2022 proposes to prohibit registered charities from accepting gifts, the granting of which was expressly or implicitly conditional on making a gift to a person other than a qualified donee.

These changes would apply as of Royal Assent.

G. Previously Announced Measures

Budget 2022 confirms the government’s intention to proceed with the following previously announced tax and related measures, as modified to take into account consultations and deliberations since their release:

• Legislative proposals relating to the Select Luxury Items Tax Act (a tax on certain automobiles, boats and aircrafts) released on March 11, 2022.
• Legislative proposals released on February 4, 2022 in respect of the following measures:
  • electronic filing and certification of tax and information returns;
  • immediate expensing;
  • the Disability Tax Credit;
  • a technical fix related to the GST Credit top-up;
  • the rate reduction for zero-emission technology manufacturers;
  • film or video production tax credits;
  • postdoctoral fellowship income;
  • fixing contribution errors in registered pension plans;
  • a technical fix related to the revocation tax applicable to charities;
  • capital cost allowance for clean energy equipment;
  • enhanced reporting requirements for certain trusts;
  • allocation to redeemers methodology for mutual fund trusts;
  • mandatory disclosure rules;
  • avoidance of tax debts;
  • taxes applicable to registered investments;
  • audit authorities;
  • interest deductibility limits; and
  • crypto asset mining.
• Legislative proposals tabled in a Notice of Ways and Means Motion on December 14, 2021 to introduce the Digital Services Tax Act.
• Legislative proposals released on December 3, 2021 with respect to Climate Action Incentive payments.
• The income tax measure announced in Budget 2021 with respect to Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements.
• The transfer pricing consultation announced in Budget 2021.
• The anti-avoidance rules consultation announced on November 30, 2020 in the Fall Economic Statement, with an expected paper for consultation over the summer of 2022, and legislative proposals tabled by the end of 2022.
• The income tax measure announced on December 20, 2019 to extend the maturation period of amateur athletes trusts maturing in 2019 by one year, from eight years to nine years.
• Measures confirmed in Budget 2016 relating to the GST/HST joint venture election.

Budget 2022 reiterates the government’s intention to return a portion of the proceeds from the price on pollution to small and medium-sized businesses through new federal programming in backstop jurisdictions (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario). Budget 2022 proposes to provide funds, starting in 2022-23, to Environment and Climate Change Canada to administer direct payments to support emission-intensive, trade-exposed small and medium-sized enterprises in those jurisdictions.

Budget 2022 also reaffirms the government’s intention to revise the Employment Insurance (EI) system, including its support for experienced workers transitioning to a new career and coverage for seasonal, self-employed and gig workers. A long-term plan for the future of EI will be released after consultations conclude. As an interim measure, Budget 2022 proposes to extend previous expansions to EI coverage for seasonal workers.

Notice:

The preceding information is for educational purposes only. As it is impossible to include all situations, circumstances and exceptions in a newsletter such as this, a further review should be done by a qualified professional.

No individual or organization involved in either the preparation or distribution of this letter accepts any contractual, tortious, or any other form of liability for its contents or for any consequences arising from its use.

On April 19, 2021, the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, the Honourable Chrystia Freeland, presented Budget 2021: A Recovery Plan for Jobs, Growth, and Resilience, to the House of Commons.

No changes were made to personal or corporate tax rates (other than a temporary measure for zero-emission technology manufacturers), nor to the inclusion rate on taxable capital gains.

Some highlights include:

A. Personal Measures

• The Canada Recovery Benefit and related programs will be extended.
• Individuals will have the option to claim a deduction in respect of the repayment of a COVID-19 benefit amount for the year when the benefit was received.
• Access to the disability tax credit will be broadened.

B. Business Measures

• The Canada Emergency Wage and Rent Subsidies (CEWS and CERS) will be extended.
• The Canada Recovery Hiring Program was introduced.
• The ability to immediately expense 100% of many capital asset purchases was introduced.
• The corporate tax rate on zero-emission technology manufacturing will be halved.
• The disclosure requirements for aggressive tax planning and filing positions will be expanded.

C. International Measures

• A 1% tax on the value of vacant or underused real estate owned by non-residents will be implemented.

D. Sales and Excise Tax

• Access to the GST/HST New Housing Rebate will be broadened for co-owners.
• A new tax of up to 10% will apply to the purchase of luxury vehicles, aircrafts or boats.

E. Electronic Filing, Payments and Certification

• Some CRA communications will be undertaken electronically without the taxpayer’s authorization.
• Certain levels of payments will be required to be made electronically.

F. Previously Announced

• Intention to proceed with a number of previously announced measures, such as the accelerated CCA changes for zero-emission vehicles, and expanded disclosure requirements for trusts.

A. Personal Measures

COVID-19 Benefit Amounts – Tax Treatment

Budget 2021 proposes to allow individuals the option to claim a deduction in respect of the repayment of a COVID‑19 benefit amount for the year when the benefit was received, rather than the year in which the repayment was made. This option would be available for benefit amounts repaid at any time before 2023.

For these purposes, COVID-19 benefits would include:

• Canada Emergency Response Benefits (CERB) / Employment Insurance Emergency Response Benefits;
• Canada Emergency Student Benefits (CESB);
• Canada Recovery Benefits (CRB);
• Canada Recovery Sickness Benefits (CRSB); and
• Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefits (CRCB).

Individuals may only deduct benefit amounts once they have been repaid. An individual who makes a repayment, but who has already filed their income tax return for the year in which the benefit was received, would be able to request an adjustment to the return for that year.

Canada Recovery Benefits (CRB)

Budget 2021 proposes the following in respect of CRB:

• The maximum CRB would be extended by 12 weeks to a maximum of 50 weeks. The first four additional weeks will be paid at $500 per week, with subsequent weeks paid at $300 per week. All new CRB claims after July 17, 2021 would receive the $300 per week benefit, which will be available until September 25, 2021.
• The maximum Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit would be extended by 4 weeks, to a maximum of 42 weeks, paid at $500 per week.
• Legislative amendments would be made providing the authority for additional potential extensions of CRB, EI and related programs until November 20, 2021.

Employment Insurance (EI)

Temporary Measures

Budget 2021 proposes to extend many of the temporary EI measures commenced in 2020, including:

• Maintaining a 420-hour entrance requirement for regular and special benefits, with a 14-week minimum entitlement for regular benefits, and a new common earnings threshold for fishing benefits.
• Simplifying rules around the treatment of severance, vacation pay, and other monies paid on separation.
• Extending the temporary enhancements to the Work-Sharing program such as the possibility to establish longer work-sharing agreements and a streamlined application process.

Other Benefits

• Sickness benefits would increase from 15 to 26 weeks, as of summer 2022.
• Self-employed fishers who submit an EI claim for the winter 2021 fishing benefit period would have extended temporary eligibility for the entire benefit period.

Consultation on long-term changes

Consultations on long-term reforms to EI will be commenced, focusing on the need for income support for self-employed and gig workers; how best to support Canadians through different life events such as adoption; and how to provide more consistent and reliable benefits to workers in seasonal industries.

Disability Tax Credit (DTC)

Budget 2021 proposes several changes which would provide broader access to the DTC. These proposals would apply to the 2021 and subsequent taxation years, in respect of DTC certificates filed on or after Royal Assent.

Mental Functions

The DTC is generally available to individuals who are markedly restricted in their ability to perform a basic activity of daily living due to a severe and prolonged impairment in physical or mental functions. Budget 2021 proposes to expand the definition of mental functions necessary for everyday life to include: attention, concentration, memory, judgement, perception of reality, problem-solving, goal-setting, regulation of behaviour and emotions, verbal and non-verbal comprehension, and adaptive functioning.

Life-Sustaining Therapy

Individuals can qualify for the DTC where they undergo therapies that have a significant impact on everyday life. Under current rules, the therapy is required to be administered at least three times/week for a total duration averaging at least 14 hours a week. Also, only certain types of therapy are allowed to be included in this computation.

To better recognize additional aspects of therapy for this computation, Budget 2021 proposes to:

• expand the types of activities which can be included in the 14 hour per week minimum to include:
•     o medically required recuperation after therapy;
•     o activities related to determining dosages of medication that must be adjusted on a daily basis, or determining the amounts of certain compounds that can be safely consumed;
•     o the time reasonably required by another person to assist the individual in performing and supervising the therapy where the individual is incapable of performing therapy on their own due to the impacts of their disability; and
• reduce the requirement that therapy be administered at least three times each week to two times each week, retaining the requirement that therapy require an average of not less than 14 hours a week.

These proposals would apply to the 2021 and subsequent taxation years, in respect of DTC certificates filed on or after Royal Assent.

Canada Workers Benefit (CWB)

The CWB is a non-taxable refundable tax credit that supplements the earnings of low- and modest-income workers.

Budget 2021 proposes to enhance the CWB by, for example, by increasing the phase-out thresholds for individuals without dependents and families (from $13,194 to $22,944 and from $17,522 to $26,177, respectively in 2021). The phase-out rate is also slightly increased. Corresponding changes would be made to the disability supplement.

Budget 2021 also proposes to introduce a "secondary earner exemption" to the CWB which would allow the spouse or common-law partner with the lower working income to exclude up to $14,000 of their working income in the computation of their adjusted net income, for the purpose of the CWB phase-out.

These measures would apply to the 2021 and subsequent taxation years. Indexation of amounts would continue to apply after the 2021 taxation year, including the secondary earner exemption.

Northern Residents Deductions (NRD)

Budget 2021 proposes to expand access to the travel component of the NRD. Under the current rules, the claim is limited to the amount of employer-provided travel benefits the taxpayer received in respect of travel by that individual. Under the new approach, a taxpayer would have the option to claim, in respect of the taxpayer and each "eligible family member", up to a $1,200 standard amount that may be allocated across eligible trips taken by that individual, allowing individuals with no employment benefits to claim this deduction. For residents of the Intermediate Zone, this effectively becomes a $600 standard amount.

An eligible family member would be an individual living in the taxpayer's household who is the taxpayer’s spouse/common-law partner, their child under the age of 18, or a related individual who is wholly dependent on them for support and is either their parent or grandparent, or dependent by reason of mental or physical infirmity.

Claims would still be limited to the least of this new number, the total expenses paid for the trip and the cost of the lowest return airfare to the nearest designated city.

This measure would apply to the 2021 and subsequent taxation years.

Postdoctoral Fellowship Income

Budget 2021 proposes to include postdoctoral fellowship income in “earned income” for RRSP purposes. This measure would apply in respect of postdoctoral fellowship income received in the 2021 and subsequent taxation years. This measure would also apply in respect of postdoctoral fellowship income received in the 2011 to 2020 taxation years, where the taxpayer submits a request in writing to CRA for an adjustment to their RRSP room for the relevant years.

Defined Contribution Pension Plans – Fixing Contribution Errors

Budget 2021 proposes to provide more flexibility to plan administrators of defined contribution pension plans to correct for both under-contributions and over-contributions. This measure would apply in respect of additional contributions made, and amounts of over-contributions refunded, in the 2021 and subsequent taxation years.

Other Measures

Budget 2021 also announced plans for a wide variety of other programs, including:

• Child Care – Providing new investments totaling up to $30 billion over the next 5 years, and $8.3 billion ongoing for Early Learning and Child Care and Indigenous Early Learning and Child Care, with the goal of providing regulated child care for $10/day on average, within the next five years.
• Student Loans – Extending the waiver of interest accrual on Canada Student Loans and Canada Apprentice Loans until March 31, 2023 and extending the doubling of the Canada Student Grants until the end of July 2023.
• Home Renovation Loans – Providing interest-free loans of up to $40,000 to homeowners and landlords who undertake retrofits identified through an authorized EnerGuide energy assessment. This program will also include funding dedicated to support low-income homeowners and renters including cooperatives and not-for profit owned housing. The program would be available by summer 2021.
• Old Age Security Enhancements – Providing pensioners who will be age 75 and older as of June, 2022 with a one-time additional payment of $500 in August 2021. Budget 2021 then proposes to increase regular OAS payments for pensioners 75 and over by 10% on an ongoing basis as of July 2022.

B. Business Measures

Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS)

Extension and Phase-out for Active Employees

Budget 2021 proposes that CEWS will be extended to September 25, 2021, but will start phasing out after July 3, 2021. Only employers with more than a 10% decline in revenues will be eligible for the wage subsidy as of that date. The rates and limits are as follows:

CEWS Base and Top-up Rates, Periods 17 to 20

* The maximum weekly benefit per employee is reached when eligible remuneration paid to the employee for the qualifying period is at least $1,129 per week.

Furloughed Employees

CEWS for furloughed employees would continue to be available to eligible employers until August 28, 2021, ending four weeks earlier than CEWS for active employees. To maintain the alignment of CEWS for furloughed employees with benefits available under EI, Budget 2021 proposes to maintain their weekly wage subsidy at the lesser of:

• the amount of eligible remuneration paid in respect of the week; and
• the greater of:
• o $500; and
• o 55% of pre-crisis remuneration for the employee, up to a maximum subsidy amount of $595.

The wage subsidy relating to the employer’s portion of CPP, EI, the Quebec Pension Plan and the Quebec Parental Insurance Plan in respect of furloughed employees will also remain available.

Reference Periods

The reference periods for determining the revenue decline are as follows:

CEWS Reference Periods, Periods 17 to 20

The approach chosen in the prior periods must be maintained.

Baseline Remuneration

An employer’s entitlement to CEWS in respect of an employee may be affected by their baseline remuneration, also known as pre-crisis remuneration. Absent an election, baseline remuneration is calculated using the period beginning January 1, 2020 and ending March 15, 2020. Budget 2021 proposes to allow an eligible employer to elect to use the following alternative baseline remuneration periods:

• March 1 to June 30, 2019 or July 1 to December 31, 2019, for the qualifying period between June 6, 2021 and July 3, 2021; and
• July 1 to December 31, 2019, for qualifying periods beginning after July 3, 2021.

Requirement to Repay Wage Subsidy – Public Corporations

Budget 2021 proposes to require a publicly listed corporation to repay wage subsidy amounts received for a qualifying period that begins after June 5, 2021 in the event that its aggregate compensation for specified executives during the 2021 calendar year exceeds that of the 2019 calendar year.

Specified executives are the Named Executive Officers whose compensation is required to be disclosed under Canadian securities laws in the annual information circular provided to shareholders, or similar executives in the case of a corporation listed in another jurisdiction.

The amount of the wage subsidy required to be repaid would be equal to the lesser of:

• the total of all wage subsidy amounts received in respect of active employees for qualifying periods that begin after June 5, 2021; and
• the amount by which the corporation’s aggregate specified executives’ compensation for 2021 exceeds that of 2019.

This applies to wage subsidy amounts paid to any entity in the group.

Canada Emergency Rent Subsidy (CERS)

Extension and Phase-out

Budget 2021 proposes that CERS will be extended to September 25, 2021, but will start phasing out after July 3, 2021. Paralleling CEWS, only employers with more than a 10% decline in revenues will be eligible for CERS as of that date. The rates and limits are as follows:

CERS Rate Structure, Periods 10 to 13

Purchase of Business Assets

An applicant must generally have had a payroll account with CRA to be eligible for CEWS. For CERS, a business number is required. For CEWS, a rule was introduced which provides that an eligible entity that purchases the assets of a seller will be deemed to meet the payroll account requirement if the seller met the requirement. Budget 2021 proposes a similar deeming rule that would apply in the context of the rent subsidy, where the seller met the business number requirement. This measure would be effective as of the start of CERS.

Lockdown Support

Budget 2021 proposes to extend lockdown support to September 25, 2021 at a 25% rate (unchanged).

Canada Recovery Hiring Program (CRHP)

Budget 2021 proposes the new CRHP to provide eligible employers with a subsidy of up to 50% of the incremental remuneration paid to eligible employees between June 6, 2021 and November 20, 2021. The higher of CEWS or CRHP could be claimed for a particular qualifying period, but not both.

Eligible Employers

Employers eligible for CEWS would generally be eligible for CRHP. However, a for-profit corporation would be eligible for the hiring subsidy only if it is a Canadian-controlled private corporation (CCPC). Eligible employers (or their payroll service provider) must have had a CRA payroll account open March 15, 2020.

Eligible Employees

An eligible employee must be employed primarily in Canada by an eligible employer throughout a qualifying period (or the portion of the qualifying period throughout which the individual was employed by the eligible employer). CRHP will not be available for furloughed employees. A furloughed employee is an employee who is on leave with pay, meaning they are remunerated by the eligible employer but do not perform any work for the employer. However, an individual would not be considered to be on leave with pay for the purposes of the hiring subsidy if they are on a period of paid absence, such as vacation leave, sick leave, or a sabbatical.

Eligible Remuneration and Incremental Remuneration

The same types of remuneration eligible for CEWS would also be eligible for CRHP (e.g., salary, wages, and other remuneration for which employers are required to withhold or deduct amounts). The amount of remuneration for employees would be based solely on remuneration paid in respect of the qualifying period.

Incremental remuneration for a qualifying period means the difference between:

• an employer’s total eligible remuneration paid to eligible employees for the qualifying period, and
• its total eligible remuneration paid to eligible employees for the base period.

Eligible remuneration for each eligible employee would be subject to a maximum of $1,129 per week, for both the qualifying period and the base period. Similar to CEWS, the eligible remuneration for a non-arm’s length employee for a week could not exceed their baseline remuneration determined for that week. The base period for all application periods is March 14 to April 10, 2021.

CRHP Rates, Periods 17* to 22

*Period 17 of the CEWS would be the first period of the Canada Recovery Hiring Program.

Required Revenue Decline

To qualify, the eligible employer would have to have experienced a decline in revenues. For the qualifying periods between June 6, 2021 and July 3, 2021, the decline would have to be greater than 0%. For later periods, the decline must be greater than 10%.

CRHP Reference Periods, Periods 17 to 22

*Period 17 of the CEWS would be the first period of the CRHP.

Similar to CEWS and CERS, an application for a qualifying period would be required to be made no later than 180 days after the end of the qualifying period.

Immediate Expensing

Budget 2021 proposes to permit the full cost of “eligible property” acquired by a CCPC on or after Budget Day to be deducted, provided the property becomes available for use before January 1, 2024. Up to $1.5 million per taxation year is available for sharing among each associated group of CCPCs, with the limit being prorated for shorter taxation years. No carry-forward of excess capacity would be allowed.

Eligible Property

Eligible property includes capital property that is subject to the CCA rules, other than property included in CCA classes 1 to 6, 14.1, 17, 47, 49 and 51. The excluded classes are generally those that have long lives, such as buildings, fences, and goodwill.

Interactions of the Immediate Expensing with Other Provisions

Where capital costs of eligible property exceed $1.5 million in a year, the taxpayer would be allowed to decide which assets would be deducted in full, with the remainder subject to the normal CCA rules. 

Other enhanced deductions already available, such as the full expensing for manufacturing and processing machinery, would not reduce the maximum amount available ($1.5 million).

Restrictions

Generally, property acquired from a non-arm’s length person, or which was transferred to the taxpayer on a tax-deferred “rollover” basis, would not be eligible.

Also, there are several other rules that limit CCA claims that would continue to apply, such as limits to claims on rental losses.

Rate Reduction for Zero-Emission Technology Manufacturers

Budget 2021 proposes a temporary measure to reduce corporate income tax rates for qualifying zero-emission technology manufacturers, halving the tax rate on eligible zero-emission technology manufacturing and processing income to 7.5% on income subject to the general corporate tax rate (normally 15%), and 4.5% where that income would otherwise be eligible for the small business deduction (normally 9%). Provincial taxes would still apply to this income.

For taxpayers with income subject to both the general and the small business corporate tax rates, taxpayers would be able to choose the income on which the rate would be halved. 

No changes to the dividend tax credit rates or the allocation of corporate income for the purpose of dividend distributions are proposed. That is, income subject to the general reduced rate would continue to give rise to eligible dividends and the enhanced dividend tax credit, while income subject to the reduced rate for small businesses would continue to give rise to non-eligible dividends and the ordinary dividend tax credit.

This measure would apply in respect of income from numerous zero-emission technology manufacturing or processing activities listed in Budget 2021, including manufacturing or production of:

• solar energy conversion equipment, excluding passive solar heating equipment;
• wind energy conversion equipment;
• water energy conversion equipment;
• geothermal energy equipment;
• equipment for a ground source heat pump system;
• electrical energy storage equipment used for storage of renewable energy or for providing grid-scale storage or other ancillary services;
• zero-emission vehicles (including conversion of vehicles into zero-emission vehicles);
• batteries and fuel cells for zero-emission vehicles;
• electric vehicle charging systems and hydrogen refuelling stations for vehicles;
• equipment used for the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water;
• hydrogen by electrolysis of water; and
• solid, liquid or gaseous fuel (e.g., wood pellets, renewable diesel and biogas) from either carbon dioxide or specified waste material, excluding the production of by-products which is a standard part of another industrial or manufacturing process

Manufacturing of components or sub-assemblies will be eligible only if such equipment is purpose-built or designed exclusively to form an integral part of the relevant system. Eligible income would be determined as a proportion of “adjusted business income” determined by reference to the corporation’s total labour and capital costs that are used in eligible activities. 

Feedback on the proposed allocation method can be provided by sending written representations to the Department of Finance Canada, Tax Policy Branch at: ZETM-FTZE@canada.ca by June 18, 2021.

The reduced tax rates would require the corporation to derive at least 10% of its gross revenue from all active businesses carried on in Canada from eligible activities. The reduced tax rates would apply to taxation years that begin after 2021. The reduced rates would be gradually phased out starting in taxation years that begin in 2029 and fully phased out for taxation years that begin after 2031.

Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) for Clean Energy Equipment

Under the CCA regime, Classes 43.1 and 43.2 provide accelerated CCA rates (30% and 50%, respectively) for investments in specified clean energy generation and energy conservation equipment. Budget 2021 proposes to expand Classes 43.1 and 43.2 to include a variety of assets used to generate energy from water, solar or geothermal sources or waste material, or related to hydrogen production or utilization. Accelerated CCA would be available in respect of these types of property only if, at the time the property becomes available for use, the requirements of all Canadian environmental laws, by-laws and regulations applicable in respect of the property have been met.

Classes 43.1 and 43.2 currently include certain systems that burn fossil fuels and/or waste fuels to produce either electricity or heat, or both. Budget 2021 notes that the eligibility criteria for these systems have not been modified since they were first set approximately 25 and 15 years ago, and proposes changes in the eligibility criteria for various assets having significant usage of fossil fuels. 

The expansion of Classes 43.1 and 43.2 would apply in respect of property that is acquired and that becomes available for use on or after Budget Day, where it has not been used or acquired for use for any purpose before Budget Day.

The removal of certain property from eligibility for Classes 43.1 and 43.2, as well as the application of the new heat rate threshold for specified waste-fuelled electrical generation systems, would apply in respect of property that becomes available for use after 2024.

Film or Video Production Tax Credits

Budget 2021 proposes to temporarily extend certain timelines for the Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit and the Film or Video Production Services Tax Credit by 12 months (in addition to certain extensions previously announced). These measures would be available in respect of productions for which eligible expenditures were incurred by taxpayers in their taxation years ending in 2020 or 2021.

Mandatory Disclosure Rules

While past Budgets have proposed specific anti-avoidance provisions, Budget 2021 proposes broad-based disclosure requirements for tax strategies considered aggressive by the government. Certain transactions must presently be reported to CRA. The government is consulting on proposals to enhance Canada’s mandatory disclosure rules. This consultation will address:

• changes to the reportable transaction rules;
• a new requirement to report notifiable transactions;
• a new requirement for specified corporations to report uncertain tax treatments; and
• related rules providing for, in certain circumstances, the extension of the applicable reassessment period and the introduction of penalties.

Amendments made as a result of this consultation would not apply prior to January 1, 2022. 

Stakeholders are invited to provide comments on the proposals set out below, as well as on draft legislation and sample notifiable transactions which are expected to be released in the coming weeks as part of the consultation, by September 3, 2021. Comments should be sent to fin.taxdisclosure-divulgationfiscale.fin@canada.ca.

Reportable Transactions

The Income Tax Act contains rules that require that certain transactions entered into by, or for the benefit of, a taxpayer be reported to CRA. Such transactions must meet the definition of an “avoidance transaction” – generally, undertaken for no bona fide purpose other than obtaining a tax benefit – and bear at least two of the following three generic hallmarks:

• A promoter or tax advisor is entitled to fees attributable to the amount of the tax benefit; contingent upon the obtaining a tax benefit; or attributable to the number of taxpayers who participate in the transaction or receive advice from the promoter or advisor regarding the tax consequences of the transaction.
• A promoter or tax advisor requires “confidential protection” with respect to the transaction.
• The taxpayer, or the person who entered into the transaction for the benefit of the taxpayer, obtains “contractual protection” in respect of the transaction, such as:
•     o insurance (other than standard professional liability insurance) or other protection (including an indemnity, compensation or a guarantee) that protects a person against a failure to achieve the expected tax benefit or reimburses any expense, costs (e.g. fees, taxes, penalties, interest) that may be incurred by a person in the course of a dispute in respect of the expected tax benefit from the transaction; or
•     o any form of undertaking under which a promoter or advisor aids in the course of a dispute in respect of the expected tax benefits.

Budget 2021 proposes that only one such hallmark will be required to make a transaction reportable. It also proposes that the definition of “avoidance transaction” for these purposes be broadened to include any transaction where it can reasonably be concluded that one of the main purposes of entering into the transaction is to obtain a tax benefit (even if there are other bona fide non-tax purposes).

The reporting obligation would extend to the taxpayer, any other person involved in procuring a tax benefit for the taxpayer, and a promoter or advisor (as well as certain other persons who are entitled to receive a fee with respect to the transaction). An exception would apply where disclosure would violate solicitor-client privilege.

Notifiable Transactions

Budget 2021 proposes to introduce a category of specific hallmarks known as “notifiable transactions”. The Minister of National Revenue would have the authority to designate, with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance, a transaction as a notifiable transaction. A taxpayer who enters into a notifiable transaction would be required to report the transaction to CRA. The reporting obligation would extend to the taxpayer, any other person involved in procuring a tax benefit for the taxpayer, and a promoter or advisor (as well as certain other persons who are entitled to receive a fee with respect to the transaction). An exception would apply where disclosure would violate solicitor-client privilege.

Notifiable transactions would include both transactions that CRA has found to be abusive and transactions identified as transactions of interest. The description of a notifiable transaction would set out the fact patterns or outcomes that constitute that transaction in sufficient detail to enable taxpayers to comply with the disclosure rule. It would also include examples in appropriate circumstances. Sample descriptions of notifiable transactions will be issued as part of the consultation.

Uncertain Tax Treatments

An uncertain tax treatment is a tax treatment used, or planned to be used, in income tax filings where there is uncertainty over whether the tax treatment will be accepted as being in accordance with tax law. At present, there is no requirement in Canada to disclose uncertain tax treatments. 

Budget 2021 notes that several other countries (e.g. the U.S. and Australia) require disclosure of uncertain tax positions by corporations meeting an asset threshold, and certain other conditions, where either the corporation or a related party has recognized, disclosed or recorded a reserve with respect to that tax position in its audited financial statements. A similar reporting regime is proposed to be implemented in Canada. Canadian public corporations, and those Canadian private corporations that choose to use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), have an existing requirement to identify uncertain tax treatments for financial statement purposes. When such a corporation determines that it is not probable that the taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment, the effect of that uncertainty is reflected in the corporation's financial statements. It is proposed that specified corporate taxpayers be required to report particular uncertain tax treatments to CRA where the following conditions are met:

• The corporation is required to file a Canadian tax return for the taxation year.
• The corporation has at least $50 million in assets. This threshold would apply to each individual corporation.
• The corporation, or a related corporation, has audited financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS or other country-specific GAAP relevant for domestic public companies.
• Uncertainty in respect of the corporation’s Canadian income tax for the taxation year is reflected in those audited financial statements.

As public corporations are required to use IFRS, they would all be subject to these rules. Private corporations using Accounting Standards for Private Enterprise (ASPE) would not. The reporting requirement would also apply to a corporation that meets the asset threshold if it, or a related corporation, has audited financial statements prepared in accordance with another country-specific GAAP relevant for domestic public corporations.

Reassessment Period

In support of the new mandatory disclosure rules, Budget 2021 proposes that, where a taxpayer has a reporting requirement in respect of a transaction relevant to the taxpayer's income tax return for a taxation year, the normal reassessment period would not commence in respect of the transaction until the taxpayer has complied with the reporting requirement. As a result, if a taxpayer does not comply with a mandatory disclosure reporting requirement for a taxation year, a reassessment of that year in respect of the transaction would not become statute-barred.

Significant penalties would also apply to taxpayers and promoters who fail to file these required disclosures.

Avoidance of Tax Debts

The Income Tax Act has an anti-avoidance rule (Section 160) that is intended to prevent taxpayers from avoiding their tax liabilities by transferring their assets to non-arm’s length persons for insufficient consideration. In these circumstances, the rule causes the transferee to be jointly and severally liable with the transferor for tax debts of the transferor for the current or any prior taxation year, to the extent that the value of the property transferred exceeds the amount of consideration given for the property. Budget 2021 proposes a number of measures to address planning to circumvent this tracing of liability, as well as a penalty for those who devise and promote such schemes. 

The specific proposals would apply to arrangements where:

• a tax debt is deferred until after the year in which the assets are transferred;
• parties cease to be non-arm’s length prior to assets being transferred; or
• the overall result of a series of transactions are not consistent with the values at the time of the transfer.

A penalty would also be introduced for planners and promoters of tax debt avoidance schemes, mirroring an existing penalty in the so-called "third-party civil penalty" rules in the Income Tax Act in respect of certain false statements. The rules would apply in respect of transfers of property that occur on or after Budget Day. Similar amendments would be made to comparable provisions in other federal statutes (e.g., the Excise Tax Act for GST/HST).

Audit Authorities

CRA possesses the authority to audit taxpayers. Budget 2021 proposes amendments to confirm that CRA officials have the authority to require persons to answer all proper questions, and to provide all reasonable assistance, and to require persons to respond to questions orally or in writing, including in any form specified by the relevant CRA official. These measures would come into force on Royal Assent.

Other Measures 

Budget 2021 also announced plans for a wide variety of other programs, including: 

• Employee Ownership Trusts – Engaging with stakeholders to examine what barriers exist to the creation of employee ownership trusts in Canada, and how workers and owners of private businesses in Canada could benefit from the use of employee ownership trusts.
• Federal Minimum Wage – Establishing a federal minimum wage of $15 per hour, rising with inflation, for those workers in the federally regulated private sector. 
  
• Credit Card Transaction Fees – Stakeholder consultations will be undertaken with the expectation to outline detailed next steps in the 2021 Fall Economic Statement.
  
• Support for Businesses to Adopt New Digital Technologies – Investing $1.4 billion over four years to assist small and medium business to access grants and technical support associated with adopting new technologies. 
  
• Regional Relief and Recovery Fund – Extending the application deadline for similar support to the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA) offered under the Regional Relief and Recovery Fund and the Indigenous Business Initiative until June 30, 2021. The CEBA application deadline was previously extended to June 30, 2021.
  
• Additional Funding for CRA – Including $330.6 million over five years to invest in cybersecurity measures and $41.7 million over three years to reduce processing time for adjustments to personal tax returns.
  

C. International Measures

Tax on Unproductive Use of Canadian Housing by Foreign Non-resident Owners

Budget 2021 proposes to introduce this new national 1% tax on the value of vacant or underused real estate owned by non-resident, non-Canadians. The tax would be levied annually beginning in 2022.

All owners of residential property in Canada, other than Canadian citizens or permanent residents of Canada, would be required to file an annual declaration for the prior calendar year in respect of each Canadian residential property they own, starting in 2023.

The requirement to file this declaration would apply irrespective of whether the owner is subject to tax in respect of the property for the year. The owner would be required to report information such as the property address, the property value and the owner’s interest in the property. A claim exemption may be available, for instance, where a property is leased to one or more qualified tenants in relation to the owner for a minimum period in a calendar year. Where no exemption is available, the owner would be required to calculate the amount of tax owing and report and remit it to CRA by the filing due date.

Penalties and interest would also be applicable, and the assessment period would be unlimited.

In the coming months, the government will release a backgrounder to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to comment on further parameters of the proposed tax.

Digital Services Tax (DST)

Budget 2021 proposes to implement a DST. The tax is “intended to ensure that revenue earned by large businesses – foreign or domestic – from engagement with online users in Canada, including through the collection, processing and monetizing of data and content contributions from those users, is subject to Canadian tax”. The DST would apply as of January 1, 2022. A 3% tax is proposed to be imposed on revenues generated from online marketplaces, social media, online advertising, and the sale or licensing of user data. The tax would only apply to businesses with global revenue of €750 million, and Canadian revenue of more than $20 million.

Written representations must be sent by June 18, 2021 to the Department of Finance Canada, Tax Policy Branch at: DST-TSN@canada.ca.

Enhancing Anti-Avoidance Provisions

Budget 2021 proposes measures implementing recommendations of the OECD’s “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting” project focusing on:

• restrictions on the deductibility of interest paid to non-arm’s length foreign entities to a fixed ratio of “tax EBIDTA” (earnings before interest, depreciation, tax and amortization), with exceptions for some CCPCs, and groups of Canadian entities whose aggregate net interest expense does not exceed $250,000; and
• hybrid mismatch arrangements which take advantage of differences in the income tax treatment in different countries, such as situations where the same expense can be deducted in multiple countries, or a deduction is available in one country which is not taxable, within a reasonable period of time, in the other.

These measures will be the subject of draft legislation to be released for consultation in the summer, and would not apply before July 1, 2022.

D. Sales and Excise Tax

GST New Housing Rebate

The GST New Housing Rebate entitles homebuyers to recover 36% of the GST (or the federal component of the HST) paid on the purchase of a new home priced up to $350,000. The maximum rebate is $6,300. The GST New Housing Rebate is phased out for new homes priced between $350,000 and $450,000. There is no GST New Housing Rebate for new homes priced at $450,000 or more. In addition to these price thresholds, several other conditions must be met.

In particular, the purchaser must be acquiring the new home for use as their primary place of residence or as the primary place of residence of a relation (i.e., an individual related by blood, marriage, common-law partnership or adoption, or a former spouse or former common-law partner). Under the current rules, if two or more individuals who are not considered relations for GST New Housing Rebate purposes buy a new home together, all of those individuals must meet this condition – otherwise none of them will be eligible for the GST New Housing Rebate. Budget 2021 proposes to make the GST New Housing Rebate available as long as the new home is acquired for use as the primary place of residence of any one of the purchasers or a relation of any one of the purchasers.

This measure would apply to agreements of purchase and sale entered into after Budget Day. For owner-built homes, the measure would apply where construction or substantial renovation of the residential complex is substantially completed after Budget Day.

Input Tax Credit (ITC) Information Requirements

Businesses can claim ITCs to recover the GST/HST that they pay for goods and services used as inputs in their commercial activities. Businesses must obtain and retain certain information in order to support their ITC claims, such as invoices or receipts.

The information requirements for these documents are graduated, with progressively more information required when the amount paid or payable in respect of a supply equals or exceeds thresholds of $30 or $150. Budget 2021 proposes to increase these thresholds to $100 (from $30) and $500 (from $150).

In addition, under the ITC information rules, either the supplier or an intermediary (i.e., a person that causes or facilitates the making of a supply on behalf of the supplier) must provide its business name and, depending on the amount paid or payable in respect of the supply, its GST/HST registration number, on the supporting documents. However, for the purposes of these rules, an intermediary currently does not include a billing agent (i.e., an agent that collects consideration and tax on behalf of an underlying vendor but does not otherwise cause or facilitate a supply). Instead, the recipient of the supply must obtain the business name and registration number of the underlying vendor. Budget 2021 proposes to allow billing agents to be treated as intermediaries for purposes of the ITC information rules, removing this complexity.

These measures would come into force on the day after Budget Day.

Application of GST/HST to E-commerce

In the Fall Economic Statement 2020, the government proposed a number of changes to the GST/HST system relating to the digital economy, applicable to non-resident vendors supplying digital products or services, shipping goods from Canadian fulfillment warehouses, or facilitating short-term rental accommodation in Canada.

Under the proposals, GST/HST would be required to be collected and remitted by these entities commencing on July 1, 2021. Simplified registration and remittance frameworks would be available to these entities. Budget 2021 proposes amendments to these proposals to take stakeholder feedback into account, including safe harbour rules to protect platform operators who reasonably relied on the information provided by a third-party supplier, and clarifying several aspects of the legislation.

Excise Duty on Vaping Products

Budget 2021 proposes to implement a tax on vaping products in 2022 through the introduction of a new excise duty framework. Feedback from industry and stakeholders on these proposals will be accepted until June 30, 2021 at: fin.vaping-taxation-vapotage.fin@canada.ca.

The new excise duty framework would be similar to existing excise duties on tobacco, wine, spirits, and cannabis products. It would apply to vaping liquids that are produced in Canada or imported and that are intended for use in a vaping device in Canada. These liquids generally contain vegetable glycerin, as well as any combination of propylene glycol, flavouring, nicotine, or other ingredients, all of which must comply with Health Canada regulations. The new duty would apply to these vaping liquids whether or not they contain nicotine. Cannabis-based vaping products would be explicitly exempt from this framework, as they are already subject to cannabis excise duties under the Act.

The proposed framework would impose a single flat rate duty on every 10 millilitres (ml) of vaping liquid or fraction thereof, within an immediate container (i.e., the container holding the liquid itself). This rate could be in the order of $1.00 per 10 ml or fraction thereof. The last federal licensee in the supply chain who packaged the vaping product for final retail sale, including vape shops holding an excise licence, as applicable, would be liable to pay the applicable excise duty.

Registration and licensing would not be required for individuals who mix vaping liquids strictly for their own personal consumption.

Tax on Select Luxury Goods

Budget 2021 proposes to introduce a tax on the retail sale of new luxury cars and personal aircraft priced over $100,000, and boats priced over $250,000, effective as of January 1, 2022. For vehicles, aircraft and boats sold in Canada, the tax would apply at the point of purchase if the final sale price paid by a consumer (not including GST/HST or provincial sales tax) is above the $100,000 or $250,000 price threshold, as the case may be. Importations of vehicles, aircraft and boats would also be subject to the tax.

The tax would apply to:

• Luxury Vehicles – New passenger vehicles typically suitable for personal use, including coupes, sedans, station wagons, sports cars, passenger vans and minivans equipped to accommodate less than 10 passengers, SUVs, and passenger pick-up trucks. It would not apply to motorcycles and certain off-road vehicles, such as all-terrain vehicles and snowmobiles, racing cars (i.e., vehicles that are not street legal and are owned solely for on-track or off-road racing); and motor homes (commonly known as recreational vehicles, or RVs) that are designed to provide temporary living, sleeping, or eating accommodation for travel, vacation, seasonal camping, or recreational use. Off-road, construction, and farm vehicles would fall outside the scope of the tax. Similarly, certain commercial (e.g., heavy-duty vehicles such as some trucks and cargo vans) and public sector (such as buses, police cars and ambulances) vehicles, as well as hearses, would not be subject to the tax.
• Aircraft – New aircraft typically suitable for personal use, including aeroplanes, helicopters and gliders. As a general rule, it would not apply to large aircraft typically used in commercial activities, such as those equipped for the carriage of passengers and having a certified maximum carrying capacity of more than 39 passengers. Smaller aircraft used in certain commercial (such as public transportation) and public sector (police, military and rescue aircraft, air ambulances) activities would also be excluded.
• Boats – New boats such as yachts, recreational motorboats and sailboats, typically suitable for personal use. Smaller personal watercraft (e.g., water scooters) and floating homes, commercial fishing vessels, ferries, and cruise ships would be excluded.
• For vehicles and aircraft priced over $100,000, the amount of the tax would be the lesser of 10% of the full value of the vehicle or the aircraft, or 20% of the value above $100,000. For boats priced over $250,000, the amount of the tax would be the lesser of 10% of the full value of the boat or 20% of the value above $250,000.

The tax would generally apply at the final point of purchase of new luxury vehicles, aircraft and boats in Canada. In the case of imports, application would generally be either at the time of importation (in cases where there will not be a further sale of the goods in Canada) or at the time of the final point of purchase in Canada following importation.

Upon purchase or lease, the seller or lessor would be responsible for remitting the full amount of the federal tax owing, regardless of whether the good was purchased outright, financed, or leased over a period of time. Exports will not be subject to the tax.

GST/HST would apply to the final sale price, inclusive of the proposed tax, so GST/HST would also be payable on this new tax. Further details are to be announced in the coming months.

E. Electronic Filing, Payments and Certification

Budget 2021 proposes a number of measures which would better facilitate CRA’s ability to operate digitally, while also enhancing security.

Notices of Assessment (NOA)

Budget 2021 proposes to provide CRA with the ability to send certain NOAs electronically without the taxpayer having to authorize CRA to do so. This proposal would apply in respect of individuals who file their income tax return electronically and those who use the services of a tax preparer that files their return electronically. Taxpayers who file their income tax returns in paper format would continue to receive a paper NOA from CRA. This measure would come into force on Royal Assent of the enacting legislation.

Correspondence with Businesses

Budget 2021 proposes to change the default method of correspondence for businesses that use CRA's My Business Account portal to electronic only. However, businesses could still choose to also receive paper correspondence. This measure would come into force on Royal Assent of the enacting legislation.

Information Returns – T4A and T5

Budget 2021 proposes to allow issuers of T4A (Statement of Pension, Retirement, Annuity and Other Income) and T5 (Statement of Investment Income) information returns to provide them electronically without having to also issue a paper copy and without the taxpayer having to authorize the issuer to do so. This measure would apply in respect of information returns sent after 2021.

Electronic Filing Thresholds

Budget 2021 proposes a number of measures which would limit the ability to file paper returns, including:

• persons or partnerships that file more than 5 (reduced from 50) information returns of a particular type (e.g. T4 or T5 slips) for a calendar year would be required to file them electronically;
• professional tax preparers would be required to file electronically where they prepare more than a total of 5 (reduced from 10) corporate or income tax returns for a calendar year. The exception for trusts would be removed; and
• professional tax preparers that file electronically would only be permitted to file a maximum of 5 (reduced from 10) paper returns of each type per calendar year.

These measures would apply in respect of calendar years after 2021.

The mandatory electronic filing thresholds for returns of corporations under the Income Tax Act, and of GST/HST registrants (other than for charities or Selected Listed Financial Institutions) under the Excise Tax Act would be removed, resulting in most corporations and GST/HST registrants being required to file electronically.

Electronic Signatures

Budget 2021 proposes to allow electronic signatures on certain prescribed forms, as follows:

• T183, Information Return for Electronic Filing of an Individual's Income Tax and Benefit Return;
• T183CORP, Information Return for Corporations Filing Electronically;
• T2200, Declaration of Conditions of Employment;
• RC71, Statement of Discounting Transaction; and
• RC72, Notice of the Actual Amount of the Refund of Tax.

This measure would come into force on Royal Assent of the enacting legislation.

Electronic Payments

Budget 2021 proposes that electronic payments be required for remittances over $10,000 under the Income Tax Act and that the threshold for mandatory remittances for GST/HST purposes be lowered from $50,000 to $10,000. Budget 2021 also proposes to clarify that payments required to be made at a financial institution include online payments made through such an institution. This measure would apply to payments made on or after January 1, 2022.

F. Previously Announced Measures

Budget 2021 confirms the government’s intention to proceed with the following previously announced tax and related measures, as modified to take into account consultations and deliberations since their release:

• Numerous proposals in respect of the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, the Canada Emergency Rent Subsidy and the Lockdown Support.
• Proposals in respect of temporary adjustments due to COVID-19 to the child care expense and disability supports deductions and the automobile standby charge.
• Proposals released on December 16, 2020 extending timelines in respect of flow-through shares by 12 months.
• Proposals released on December 15, 2020 relating to capital cost allowance claims for purchases of zero-emission automotive equipment and vehicles.
• The anti-avoidance rules consultation and the income tax measures announced in the Fall Economic Statement in respect of registered disability savings plans, employee stock options and patronage dividends paid in shares.
• Measures announced in the 2020 Fall Economic Statement regarding GST/HST relief on face masks and face shields.
• Proposals announced on November 27, 2020 to facilitate the conversion of health and welfare trusts to employee life and health trusts.
• Proposals announced on July 2, 2020 providing relief for deferred salary leave plans and registered pension plans during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Proposals released on April 17, 2020 to clarify support for Canadian journalism.
• The income tax measure announced on December 20, 2019 to extend the maturation period of amateur athletes trusts maturing in 2019 by one year, from eight years to nine years.
• The income tax measure announced on December 9, 2019 to increase the basic personal amount to $15,000 by 2023.
• The income tax measure announced on August 29, 2019 to clarify the definition of a shared-custody parent.
• Proposals released on July 30, 2019 to implement Budget 2019 income tax measures in respect of multi-unit residential properties, permitting additional types of annuities under registered plans, contributions to specified multi-employer pension plans for older members, pensionable service under an individual pension plan, the allocation to redeemers methodology for mutual funds, character conversion transactions, electronic delivery of requirements for information, the transfer pricing rules, the foreign affiliate dumping rules, and cross-border share lending arrangements.
• Measures released on July 30, 2019 modifying previously enacted measures from the 2018 Fall Economic Statement and Budget 2019, in respect of the accelerated investment incentive, the expensing of the cost of machinery and equipment used in the manufacturing or processing of goods and the cost of specified clean energy equipment, and the expensing of the cost of certain zero-emission vehicles.
• Proposals released on May 17, 2019 and on July 27, 2018 relating to GST/HST.
• Measures announced in Budget 2018 to implement enhanced reporting requirements for certain trusts to provide additional information on an annual basis.
• Measures confirmed in Budget 2016 relating to the GST/HST joint venture election.

For a long time, our firm has been using revenue of $100,000 and $200,000 as a general benchmark for deciding whether or not to incorporate. Below $100,000 not, and above $200,000 yes, and anything in between, it depends.

Maybe we should amend our old numbers due to inflation, but the choice is more complicated than that.

TAX ADVANTAGES

1. More to invest after tax

Ontario corporations pay tax at 12.5 % on the first $500,000 of income, while personal income at the top tax bracket above $220,000 is taxed at 53 %.

If you don’t need to spend all your income, the more than 40% in tax savings stays in the corporation and can be used for investment purposes. The fact that PREC can earn investment income in the Corp either investing in real estate or stock portfolio is a great advantage.

2. Possible tax deferral

Corporations pay tax when earned (the accrual basis) and individuals pay tax when received (cash basis). A corporation can choose its first fiscal year end to be any date (as long as its within 53 weeks of incorporating). For this reason, having a July or August year-end, allows for the payment of a year-end bonus that would fall early into the next taxation year personally.

A corporation is allowed to expense a year-end bonus, which is salary to himself when declared, and pay tax personally when received, as long as paid within 6 months. With a PREC you would receive a salary from your own corporation and receive a T4 for personal tax filing purposes.

Another advantage of a summer year end is your accountant will have your year-end done before the end of December, and we may choose to pull some income forward to the current year if there’s an opportunity to declare income in a lower bracket.

3. Income splitting

A spouse, parent or child can own non-voting, non-equity shares and receive dividends which, if they are taxed at a lower rate would reduce the family’s overall tax.

There are rules called TOSI introduced recently that are designed to stop this, but the work around for this to be allowed, is the family member must work a minimum of 20 hours a week.

4. Holding company

A holding company owned by the principle is allowed and if desired, income from the active business (PREC) can pay tax free dividends to the holding company, and eliminate exposure to creditors of the active business. More importantly a holding company for the sale of the business mentioned in point 5 is a big advantage.

5. Lifetime Capital gains exemption (currently $883,384)

The sale of shares of a corporation are eligible for a tax-free capital gain. This would only apply to the agents shares and not the family member(s). The timing of the sale and the payment can be at different times.

Sales are usually not done to the succeeding agent but to his holding company (point 4 above). That way the eventual source of funds, would be a tax-free intercompany dividend from the active company (PREC) to the holding company of the future profits.

Effectively, the purchase is paid with low tax paid profits (taxed at 12.5 %). This would be more likely used by a broker that had a team.

TAX DISADVANTAGES

Cost of incorporating and additional accounting fees for corporate filings of $2,000 to $5,000.

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